Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2024 Vol. 43, No. 6 Published: 2024-06-25

	1	Experimental study on mineralized microbial immobilization and self-healing of hydraulic concrete
		MENG Yongdong, XUE Yu, HE Zhuqing, XU Xiaowei, CAI Zhenglong, TIAN Bin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240601
		Preparation of microbial self-healing concrete by direct internal mixing will affect the long-term activity of mineralized microorganisms due to factors such as squeezing friction and limited living environment. In this work, we select Bacillus pasteurii as a mineralized microorganism, and use expanded perlite and ceramsite as microbial carriers, and cement slurry and metakaolin slurry as carrier coating materials. An experiment is conducted to optimize the carrier and its reasonable particle size and coating materials that contribute to the release and protection of the microorganism; the effect of microbial immobilization on the self-healing effect of cracks is studied. The results show that quantitative expanded perlite, added to a hydraulic concrete specimen, increases the tensile crack ratio at its splitting crack; as a microbial immobilization material, it is more effective to release mineralized microorganisms than ceramsite. Metakaolin slurry is more suitable as a carrier coating material than cement slurry, and its encapsulation of the microorganism achieves a 14-day survival rate of 86.6%, effectively ensuring the long-term activity of the immobilized microorganism. The microorganism that are immobilized with expanded perlite and coated with metakaolin slurry can achieve a 90-day repair and maintenance effect of the cracks up to a width of 0.616 mm, wider than 0.453 mm of the direct addition method. Thus, our method effectively improves the crack self-healing effect of concrete specimens.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 67 ) PDF (2268 KB) ( 259 )

	11	A dual-layer indexing driven management method for massive point clouds of underground tunnels
		ZHANG Hongyang, ZHANG Libing, LIU Quan, MA Gang, HU Shiyan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240602
		For the task of tunnel surface monitoring, point clouds obtained by 3D laser scanning suffer from undesirable characteristics such as enormous data volumes, unstructured organization, and narrow linear non-uniform distribution, which imposes significant pressure on tunnel point cloud data processing and constrains the development of tunnel monitoring application. This paper presents a tunnel massive point cloud management method based on a dual-layer indexing structure. A Hough transform-based method for preliminary determination of the horizontal tunnel centerline is designed to guide the automatic segmentation of tunnel point clouds along the centerline. Then, a “bottom-up” merging strategy is suggested for generating local octrees for the segmented point clouds; Based on this, application of the non-redundant Level of Detail (LOD) modeling and the dynamic memory dynamic scheduling enables real-time visualization of massive point clouds. The experimental results show that our new method improves efficiency significantly in extracting the tunnel's horizontal axis, and it is better than traditional approaches in point cloud retrieval and visualization of massive point cloud data.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 11-22 [Abstract] ( 57 ) PDF (3794 KB) ( 214 )

	23	Empirical study on owner's demand of whole process engineering consulting using A-Kano model
		DING Jiyong, SHI Tingting, ZHANG Mao, ZHU Juncheng, LI Shengzhe
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240603
		The whole process engineering consulting practice in China's construction industry is in an exploratory stage where multiple modes coexist and the consulting content varies greatly. To promote the healthy development of this enterprise, key measures are to take the owner's demand as the guide, reasonably determine the content of its consulting service, and improve its service ability. Through combining relevant information in literature, this study identifies 12 kinds of owner demands of the whole process engineering consulting, carries out the questionnaires of positive and negative satisfaction and importance with the help of the A-Kano model, and calculates the priority of each kind of the demands. The results of empirical analysis show that engineering supervision and cost consulting belong to the must-be demand; project management, design and survey belong to the one-dimensional demand. And bidding agency, pre-planning and BIM consulting are the attractive demand; the indifferent demand includes post-operation, building energy-saving and green building consulting, engineering inspection services, and engineering insurance consulting. Based on these results, we suggest the engineering consulting enterprises be transformed to better meet the integrated and personalized consulting demands of construction owners.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 23-32 [Abstract] ( 57 ) PDF (592 KB) ( 163 )

	33	Experimental study of effect of geochemical conditions on electro-osmotic consolidation of soft soils
		ZHANG Lin, HU Liming
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240604
		Electro-osmotic consolidation is a promising method to treat soft soils. A series of experiments are conducted in this study to investigate the influence of soil pH value and salinity on the electro-osmotic consolidating process of soil. The coefficients of electro-osmotic permeability, total volume of the discharged water, drainage rate, and water content are obtained, verifying the coefficient of electro-osmotic permeability and Zeta potential are affected significantly by soil pH value. It is practicable to predict the coefficient of electro-osmotic permeability, which increases with the initial soil pH value, by measuring zeta potential. For the samples with higher initial soil pH value, water content after the experiment is decreasing near the anode and increasing near the cathode. As soil salinity increases, the electro-osmotic permeability and drainage rate are both decreasing, while energy consumption is increasing. This study indicates that the soft soil with low salinity and high pH value is favourable for electro-osmotic consolidation.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 33-42 [Abstract] ( 54 ) PDF (741 KB) ( 199 )

	43	Online measurement method for rolling deformation of fill material
		WANG Yixiang , DUAN Junbang, ZHANG Lu, WU Gaojian, LIU Tianyun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240605
		Online direct detection of rolling deformation of fill material is an urgent problem to be solved in continuous compaction control. To study the deformation and its detection, this paper develops an online rolling deformation measurement method and constructs an application system based on the planar laser beam technology. The method uses laser ranging and key point location techniques to determine the relative deformation of rolling. The application system realizes the online direct detection of the relative deformation and obtains certain relative deformation rules for fill material rolling, which helps promote the practical application of intelligent construction technology in filling engineering.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 43-52 [Abstract] ( 47 ) PDF (3339 KB) ( 190 )

	53	Anti-cracking characteristics of crumb rubber-modified asphalt concrete under variable temperature conditions
		FU Han, CHAI Junrui, XU Zengguang, GENG Kaiqiang, WANG Yixuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240606
		This paper studies the cracking resistance of crumb rubber-modified asphalt concrete (CRMAC) under variable temperature conditions in water conservancy engineering environment, based on the small beam bending test and the brittleness index of full stress-strain curves. The results show that at the optimum performance, the ratio of CRMAC cracking resistance is 80M at a crumb rubber dosage of 20%. Under low temperature conditions, the bending strength and peak strain of CRMAC are better than those of matrix asphalt concrete; the lower the temperature, the larger the brittleness index of asphalt concrete, and the more prone to cracking of the specimen. Adding crumb rubber reduces the brittleness index of matrix asphalt concrete and improves its cracking resistance; it also changes the stress state of matrix asphalt concrete at -10 ℃, and changes the stress-strain curve from brittle to plastic characteristics. This study provides new approaches for panel material selection.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 53-62 [Abstract] ( 57 ) PDF (2527 KB) ( 126 )

	63	Impact of underlying surface changes on hydrological process in source area of Yellow River
		HAN Lu, WEI Jiahua, HOU Minglei, HOU Shengling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240607
		Quantitative assessment of the impact of underlying surface changes on water balance components is of great significance for revealing the attribution of runoff changes in the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR). This study simulates the relationship between precipitation and runoff under underlying surface changes, using a variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model considering dynamic land use/cover change (LUCC) and leaf area index (LAI) change. The results show this model improves the simulations of the SRYR hydrological process through considering the dynamic evolution of the underlying surface, achieving a relative error reduction of 8.8% - 12.9%. From 2001 to 2018, the combined effects of LAI and LUCC led to an average annual increase of 15% in plant transpiration, while the runoffs at Maqu and Tangnaihai were decreased by 7.17% and 9.19%, respectively. The impact of LAI on runoff was more significant than that of LUCC. The average annual contributions of LAI to these two runoffs were -4.80% and 4.48%, respectively, while those of LUCC were 0.16% and -3.15%. The study explains the changes in underlying surfaces are the cause of insignificant changes in runoff under increasing precipitation in SRYR, and deepens our understanding of the hydrological responses to climate change and ecological protection.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 63-74 [Abstract] ( 54 ) PDF (6120 KB) ( 198 )

	75	Experimental investigation on aeration characteristics of artificial pooled stepped chutes with different vegetation densities
		WANG Yuhao, PAN Lu, YAN Zhou, YIN Liang, SHEN Dongsheng, GUO Gui, BAI Ruidi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240608
		The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of different vegetation densities on the aeration characteristics of artificial pooled stepped chutes. In this experiment, we investigate the behaviors of air water flows in a rectangular stepped pool, with a bottom slope of 18.4° and two vegetation densities, and the development from the upstream clear water region to the downstream fully developed region. Air contents are measured using a conductivity probe. Experimental results show that, compared with flat and pooled stepped, vegetation in a pooled stepped chute has nearly no influence on the location and water depth of the aeration incepting point, and a calculation formula for its water depth is derived. The cross-sectional average air concentration Ce increases gradually from the step start to 2.5 times the aeration point distance, and then reaches a constant. The maximum number of bubbles at the cross section increases gradually from the ladder start to 4.0 times the aeration point distance, and then reaches a constant, showing a different trend from that of air concentration. Vegetation density has little effect on bubble count distribution and evolution.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 75-86 [Abstract] ( 54 ) PDF (2013 KB) ( 88 )

	87	Quantitative effect of Xiangjiaba Reservoir operation on thermal budget of river flow in reservoir area
		LIU Zheyang, HUANG Guoxian, REN Qianhui, DONG Bingjiang, ZHANG Qianqian, ZHU Lingling, JIANG Pinfeng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240609
		The construction and operation of reservoirs, such as the Xiangjiaba dam, provide invaluable water resources and clean energy for human development, but alter the thermal energy balance of the natural river channels. This study uses the water balance equation and energy balance equation to develop a box model, supplemented by a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the reservoir area, to reduce the errors in calculating the water profiles of the reservoir channels under dam-free conditions. Scenario calculations reveal the proportion and difference in each component of the heat budget with and without the presence of the dam. The findings indicate that compared with the natural river case, reservoir operation has enhanced the temporal stability of water thermal storage process; the total thermal energy of the water body is 7 to 35 times that of the natural state. The operation imparts a certain "thermal inertia" effect to the water body in the area, with the longest time lag reaching 42 days. Solar radiation received by the water body presents a maximum increase of 388% and a minimum increase of 283% compared to the natural state; for heat loss in evaporative energy, its maximum increase reaches 391% and minimum increase 284%. Of both thermal energy increments, the peak and trough occur in February and August, respectively. As a result, the overall effect has been an increase in net heat income. This study lays an important basis for thermal budget estimation during planning, construction, and regulation of cascade reservoirs, and helps protect the water ecosystems of large reservoirs.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 87-100 [Abstract] ( 39 ) PDF (1437 KB) ( 133 )

	101	Study on nonlinear robust control of hydropower unit regulation system using PSOGSA algorithm
		HUANG Zixin, LI Bailin, FU Wenlong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240610
		In addressing the nonlinear and uncertain characteristics of hydroelectric unit regulation systems (HURS), this paper presents a new design of a nonlinear robust H2/H∞ control strategy based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSOGSA). Firstly, a refined comprehensive model of a HURS is developed, with the turbine model described by BP neural networks. Then, the output feedback linearization theory and linear matrix inequalities were used to design a nonlinear robust H2/H∞ controller to ensure the system’s good robust H2/H∞ performance against disturbances. A PSOGSA algorithm is adopted to optimize the parameters of the weighted functions of the controller so as to achieve its optimal performance. Simulation results indicate this PSOGSA-based nonlinear robust H2/H∞ control strategy has advantages in improving the HURS stability and capability against disturbances, providing an effective approach for practical HURS design.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 101-112 [Abstract] ( 42 ) PDF (3507 KB) ( 152 )

	113	Influence of S characteristics of pump-turbine on minimum pressure in draft tube during successive load rejection
		WANG Haozhen, YU Xiaodong, LIN Wenwen, LI Pengyu, LIU Changtai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240611
		To explore the relationship of the full S characteristic curve of a pump-turbine and the minimum pressure in its draft tube, we conduct numerical simulations of successive load rejection which is most unfavorable to the draft tube flow for the Xinfeng pumped storage power station. By adjusting the opening curve slope near the unit’s operating trajectory, a comparative analysis and a summary are made on the influence of changes in the S zone shape on the extreme pressure in the draft tube under successive rejection conditions. We formulate a graphical indicator that is applicable in the early design phase of such stations to evaluate the impact of S-shape characteristics on draft tube pressure, and verify the calculation accuracy. The results show that for the first decrease of the unit’s flow caused by the rejection, the operating trajectory presents a complete inverted S-shape. This shape change will cause a change in the slope of the unit’s flow variations, and further result in a change in the extreme draft tube pressure that occurs near the S-shape inflection. The more the graphical indicator shape obtained approaches a vertically slender regular rectangular shape, the better the improvement of the corresponding minimum draft tube pressure.
		2024 Vol. 43 (6): 113-122 [Abstract] ( 45 ) PDF (4294 KB) ( 158 )