Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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(vi)Chinese Academic Journals (CD).


2022 Vol. 41, No. 1 Published: 2022-01-25

	1	Theory of intelligent dam construction
		LI Qingbin, MA Rui, HU Yu, HUANGFU Zehua, SHEN Yiyuan, MA Jingang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220101
		This article reviews the historical development of dam construction, summarizes the developing trend and key technologies of intelligent construction of dams, sorts out the relationship between the key issues in intelligent construction and intelligent control, and presents a basic control theory for intelligent construction of dams. The concept and definition of intelligent control and its characteristics, theoretical structure and elements are elaborated in detail, and "intelligent decision-making plus automatic control" is clearly defined as its two core elements. On this basis, an intelligent control system for dam construction－featured with the functions of autonomous perception and cognitive information, intelligent organization planning and decision-making tasks, and automatic control of executive agencies to accomplish goals－is constructed; its design concept, component elements, module characteristics, and application levels are explained. This intelligent control theory lays a theoretical basis for solving a variety of dam construction problems: structural service state control, full life cycle safety performance evaluation, construction risk prediction, early warning during dam construction, and cost control. It is also essential to realize the intelligent construction goal of high quality, high efficiency, safety, economy and greenness.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 1-13 [Abstract] ( 473 ) PDF (538 KB) ( 1202 )

	14	Study on visualization of grouting collaborative decision based on augmented reality
		GE Shicong, YU Jia, GUAN Tao, REN Bingyu, WANG Xiaoling, LV Mingming
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220102
		Grouting projects are characterized by concealment and professionalism. To improve grouting quality, consultation and other methods are often adopted for grouting collaborative decision-making. However, the current consultation approach uses 2D drawings or 3D virtual scenes for collaborative analysis and lacks the real spatial dimension for the depth distance of objects, thus suffering poor immersed interaction and untimely decision information sharing. To solve these problems, this paper develops a visualization method for grouting collaborative decision-making by applying augmented reality technology. Based on the grouting 3D information model and visual inertial odometer technology, a fusion of virtual models and real scenes together with immersive interactive analysis is realized. We realize 3D immersive visual sharing of grouting collaborative decision information via adopting a state synchronization method based on cloud communication, the anchor point transfer method, and the enhanced image recognition technology of Vuforia. The results of engineering case analysis show our method can realize immersive interactive query about grouting decision information and cross-regional collaborative decision, proving a new effective approach to grouting control.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 14-24 [Abstract] ( 168 ) PDF (4002 KB) ( 492 )

	25	Optimization method of external transport schemes for large-quantity cargoes of hydropower projects
		WANG Hao, YU Wenzhen, LIU Quan, LI Feiyu, GAO Qiaoyu, YOU Chuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220103
		Selection of optimal external transport schemes in hydropower projects is usually difficult because of difficulties in cost and investment estimation, various risk factors, complicated spatial distribution of transport network, and a large body of data to deal with. In addition, a transport scheme must meet the requirements of construction schedule, transport volume of construction materials and so on. This paper presents a staged decision-making method for optimizing transport routes and external transport schemes. First, aimed at multi-source route optimization for allocating and delivering large-quantity cargoes, we use a new concept of equivalent transport expense to reflect material transport costs and construction project investments comprehensively. Based on this concept, an optimal path algorithm is used to select multiple alternatives. Then, to opt for the optimal external traffic schemes from the alternatives, a multi-objective optimization method is adopted to construct a multi-objective optimization model with the objectives of minimizing generalized material transport costs, transport time, and transport risks. This model uses an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the target weight, and selects external transport schemes by applying the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). Finally, a case study demonstrates the application of our method and its advantages in decision-making for external transport schemes in hydropower engineering.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 25-34 [Abstract] ( 69 ) PDF (738 KB) ( 266 )

	35	Partnering-based construction management model of water conservancy projects: Case study of water conservancy projects in Ningxia
		YU Ziye, ZHANG Yakun, WU Zekun, TANG Wenzhe
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220104
		This study develops a partnering-based construction management model of water conservancy projects for demonstrating the relationships between project stakeholder cooperation, project construction management, and information technology system. It offers a theoretical guide for evaluating project performance so as to identify the problems for further improvement. By application of this model to the practical cases in Ningxia along with a survey, this study indicates the needs in the construction management of a water conservancy project: 1) establish a partnering mechanism for it, and allocate its rewards and risks equitably; 2) create joint working processes, and allocate the resources optimally; 3) establish a performance measurement system for evaluating both its delivery processes and outcomes; and 4) couple the information technology system with its management processes to support efficient collaborative working activities and decision-making by its participants.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 35-41 [Abstract] ( 80 ) PDF (379 KB) ( 369 )

	42	Influence of printing process on interlayer bonding properties of 3D printing concrete
		XU Hui, SUN Xiaoyan, WANG Hailong, LIN Xiqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220105
		For 3D printing concrete produced by a printing process of pumping, extrusion and stacking-up layer by layer, its interlayer bonding performance is a key point in structural analysis. This paper presents a statistical comparison and analysis of the interlayer bonding properties based on the previous test data in literature, and reveals the mechanism of interlayer bonding influenced by the parameters of the printing process. A two-stage model considering hydration process is developed to simulate the variations in interlayer bonding strength with the printing time interval; the influences of nozzle shape, size and height on interlayer bonding are clarified. We construct a model of interlayer bonding strength degrading with printing speed to optimize and improve the 3D printing process of concrete.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 42-49 [Abstract] ( 144 ) PDF (1705 KB) ( 390 )

	50	Stable time and mechanism of concrete permeability in natural tidal environment
		GAO Yanhong, GUO Baoling, WANG Meng, ZHANG Yurong, ZHANG Junzhi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220106
		Based on 1160-day exposure tests to ocean tidal environment, three permeability coefficients (water, intrinsic gas and chloride) of ordinary concrete were measured and calculated for different water-cement ratios and different exposure time periods. A unified method for calculating the corresponding stable time of these coefficients was developed, and the influence of water-cement ratio on the stable time was analyzed. Then, we adopted the nuclear magnetic resonance to track the relaxation time and microstructure parameters of concrete, and examined the influence of the ratio on the time dependence of both permeability coefficients and microstructure parameters. Finally, the relationship between the stable times of both was studied. The results show the three permeabilities of ordinary concrete and their stable times increase with the increasing ratio. The decreasing trend of total porosity with exposure time is similar to that of time-dependent permeability coefficients, showing a correlation between the both stable times; the stable time of water permeability has the highest correlation with that of total porosity. And the evolution of contribution porosity (100-1000 nm) is similar to that of total porosity, but the stable time of permeability is more related to it. The instantaneous chloride diffusion coefficient is stable first, followed by water permeability and gas permeability.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 50-62 [Abstract] ( 64 ) PDF (2933 KB) ( 336 )

	63	Study on improved multi-output prediction model for compaction characteristics of earth-rock dam materials
		LIU Minghui, WANG Xiaoling, WANG Jiajun, YUE Pan, YANG Lingyun, WANG Xiaolong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220107
		The characteristics of earth-rock dam compaction are crucial to construction quality. Previous predictions mainly focused on the single-output regression of the physical, mechanical and seepage compaction characteristics, lacking consideration of the correlation among the objectives of different compaction characteristics. To address this issue, we develop an improved multi-output Gaussian process regression (IMO-GPR) model that builds target-specific features using density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise and extends the MO-GPR model input space to improve its decoupling capability of complicated mapping in the high-dimensional feature space. This improved model considers effectively the correlation between multi-output compaction characteristic objectives through combining with the output covariance coefficient matrix used by MO-GPR, and can realize accurate predictions of multi-output dam material compaction characteristics. Compared with traditional GPR, MO-ELM, and MO-GPR models, its prediction accuracy is 24%, 20% and 17% higher respectively, and it has stronger robustness in the cases of noise interference, abnormal data, and insufficient data.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 63-73 [Abstract] ( 81 ) PDF (4513 KB) ( 445 )

	74	Experimental study on direct tensile mechanical properties of hydraulic asphalt concrete
		NING Zhiyuan, LIU Yunhe, MENG Xiao, DONG Jing, SONG Zhiqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220108
		Tensile mechanical properties of hydraulic asphalt concrete are crucially important to an in-depth study of the tensile cracking failure of impervious structures of high rockfill dams. Aiming at the existing problems in the direct tensile test of hydraulic asphalt concrete, we developed a direct tensile test instrument with temperature control, and conducted axial direct tensile tests of hydraulic asphalt concrete in the temperature from -30 ℃ to 15 ℃. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, variations in cohesion and internal friction angle with temperature were analyzed. Results show that the relationship between tensile stress and strain is approximately linear at temperature below 0 ℃, and the specimen reaches the peak stress and then fractures. While at higher temperature, it experiences a certain degree of plastic deformation and then fractures upon reaching the peak stress, with the deformation range increasing with temperature rising. As temperature rises from -30 ℃ to 15 ℃, tensile strength and cohesion increase first and then decrease, both peaking at -20 ℃. With temperature rising, tensile modulus decreases while critical strain increases; internal friction angle decreases first and then increases, with a trough at 0 ℃; The proportion of aggregate cracking at the specimens’ surface decreases. This study verifies the empirical formula proposed in this paper is in good agreement with the experimental results and well reflects the variations in tensile strength, tensile modulus, peak strain, cohesion, and internal friction angle with temperature.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 74-83 [Abstract] ( 81 ) PDF (3480 KB) ( 383 )

	84	Experimental study on rainfall wetting deformation of soft rockfill materials
		JIA Wei, ZHANG Yanyi, FAN Henghui, DENG Gang, CHEN Han, ZHANG Yinqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220109
		Wetting deformation of soft rockfill materials caused by external rainfall events is significant and often brings about challenges to engineering deformation control and operation safety. This paper presents an analysis of the basic law of material wetting strain under rainfall conditions, and reveals that the wetting strain caused by early rainfall accounts for a relatively big proportion and its time variation is well described using hyperbolic curves; For the case of a single rainfall event, we examine strain development during rainfall and demonstrate that its time variation in the early stage is also hyperbolic; Analysis on the influence of rainfall intensity on the overall wetting process shows that as rainfall intensifies, the rate of change in the strain increases but its magnitude decreases to a certain extent. To understand the variation in wetting strain with rainfall intensity in this case, we develop a model for calculating unsaturated infiltration wetting deformation in rainfall conditions based on the hyperbolic curve, and verify its applicability to prediction of the rainfall wetting deformation laws of soft rockfill materials.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 84-91 [Abstract] ( 59 ) PDF (552 KB) ( 172 )

	92	Cooperation game theory model for hydropower and thermal power in China Southern Power Grid and analysis of its key impact factors
		WANG Hao, GAO Jinyu, YU Yang, ZHAO Jianshi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220110
		Thermal power is a main power supply source in China, but its environmental pollution is severe. Southwest China is rich in hydropower but faces the problem of abandoning surplus water and power. Reducing the competition between hydropower and thermal power will be conducive to efficient energy use and carbon emission reduction. Herein we take the hydropower of Lancang River as a case study of the cooperative game between hydropower and thermal power in China Southern Power Grid, and develop an optimization model for the Lancang River cascade hydropower operation and a cooperative game model for hydropower and thermal power cooperation. An improved Shapley value method is constructed to allocate the incremental benefit. Based on the models, we analyze the effect of the hydrological conditions, coal price, and green certificate quota on the cooperative game. The results show that an increase in water availability and green certificate quota can enlarge the cooperation space, while the effect of coal price change on the overall benefit of cooperation is insignificant. Considering environmental costs, hydropower companies will benefit more. Thus, we suggest a green certificate system be established to enlarge the cooperation space of hydropower and thermal power, helping achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 92-102 [Abstract] ( 107 ) PDF (2442 KB) ( 417 )

	103	Numerical simulations and predictions of low-frequency noises downstream spillway tunnel
		WANG Xiaoqun, LIAN Jijian, MA Bin, DU Shuaiqun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220111
		For prediction of flood-induced low-frequency noises under the joint discharge from multi-tunnels, turbulent flows are numerically simulated to analyze velocity distributions and vorticity fluctuation characteristics and identify vortex structures, and noise intensities are predicted based on the vortex sound theory. The results show the vortex structures are concentrated around the jet nappe plunging location and its downstream region where flow shear is intense. And large-scale vortex structures can be observed such as hairpin vortices and horseshoe vortices in the plunge pool. Data analysis reveals that several dominant frequencies of vorticity pulsation are in the range of 0-2 Hz, and the predicted sound pressure level (SPL) can reach up to 140 dB. However, it is reduced to 122 dB at a distance of 1 km from the pool under the dissipation effects of water-air interfaces and atomized droplets.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 103-112 [Abstract] ( 81 ) PDF (3240 KB) ( 554 )

	113	Influence of cavity vortices in draft tube on system stability of pumped-storage power station
		YAN Wenjie, YANG Jiebin, ZHANG Zhanwu, ZENG Yanmei, YANG Jiandong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220112
		Pumped-storage power stations are promisingly developed in China, but they suffer unit power oscillation that, caused by cavity vortices in draft tube, occurs frequently in generating mode, severely threatening the safety of their operation and the power grid. To study the influence of such cavity vortices on the stability of a hydropower generating system, we construct a transfer function for the regulating system with a single unit and a global matrix for the system with two units sharing the same tunnel, from the perspective of one-dimensional frequency domain with consideration of the cavity vortices. Then, calculations and analysis of system stability are carried out for these two cases. The results indicate the influence of cavity vortices plays a decisive role in system stability in comparison with that of the governor. When power oscillation is induced by the cavity vortices, no system-stable region will exist; when the system is affected by the vortices but kept from power oscillation, its stable region is basically the same as that without the vortices. Nevertheless, the cavity vortices are usually characterized by small values of parameters that may change responding to the variations in unit operating conditions, and thus will result in power oscillation. This work highlights the role of draft tube cavity vortices to avoid system instability in the operation of hydropower stations.
		2022 Vol. 41 (1): 113-122 [Abstract] ( 106 ) PDF (1481 KB) ( 398 )