Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2018 Vol. 37, No. 10 Published: 2018-10-25

	1	Practice of non-water-reacting polymer grouting treatment to seepage
		WANG Fuming, FAN Yongfeng, GUO Chengchao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181001
		Aiming at the disasters of water burst or seepage during construction or operation of underground works and making full use of the properties of non-water-reacting polymer grouting material and its application technology, this study develops new treating methods: membrane-bag closure against pressure grouting in the water burst cases and tube grouting against seepage. We demonstrate the surrounding rock reinforcing effect of polymer grouting and its blocking, filling and diffusing effects in the condition of dynamic water pressure sealing, by using numerical analysis and the concepts of polymer rheological dynamics, fluid mechanics, material forming technology, and molecular mechanics, and by considering the procedure of seepage sealing and its long-term effects on surrounding rock. Our methods are applied to a variety of practical treatments against water burst and seepage: tunnels in construction, tunnel boring machine (TBM) shield tunneling, reservoir spillways in operation, open cut tunnels, subway stations, underground commercial development, and underground passage works. The results show that non-water-reacting polymer grouting is efficient, fast, and of long durability in solving the seepage problems of underground engineering, thus providing a new approach for seepage treating technology.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 195 ) PDF (3885 KB) ( 447 )

	12	Simulation of 3D tensile failure in soil using XFEM
		WANG Xiangnan, LI Quanming, PENG Chong, YU Yuzhen1, LYU He
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181002
		As a typical strong discontinuity, tensile soil crack is a popular failure mode in geotechnical engineering. In recent years, such failure problems are usually solved using an extended finite element method (XFEM) due to its flexibility and compatibility, but its application to three-dimensional tensile soil failure is lacking. Besides geometrical complexity, the 3D applications also meet the difficulty of determining the developing direction of the front. This paper describes a crack tracking algorithm that can be integrated into a XFEM code, and presents a scheme of integrating crack planes for rather accurate and convenient simulations of 3D tensile failure. We first review the theoretical basis for XFEM, then discuss implementation of this new algorithm and describe a geometric treatment and quadrature scheme for crack interface calculation, and finally present simulations of a cross cracking process in the core wall of an earth-rockfill dam to demonstrate the efficiency of our new algorithm.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 12-19 [Abstract] ( 184 ) PDF (1794 KB) ( 317 )

	20	Modeling load-structure interaction in shield tunnel composite lining
		YANG Guanghua, LI Zhiyun, XU Chuanbao, JIA Kai, JIANG Yan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181003
		Shield tunnel composite lining under high internal water pressure is a new structure coming into use, while effective practical methods for its force calculation are still lacking. In this paper, a load-structure method is used to calculate the surrounding rock and lining layers separately ? for each layer, first obtaining the relationship of its radial displacement versus the internal water pressure, and then determining the load according to the displacement compatibility. The bearing capacity of the composite lining can be defined as the internal water pressure assumed by each component, plus the internal water pressure that can be balanced by the water and soil pressure outside the tunnel. This method is applied to a preliminary analysis of existing tunnels and achieves good agreements with FEM simulations. It is based on the clear concepts of mechanics and easy to apply, thus providing a practical method for analysis of shield tunnel lining.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 20-30 [Abstract] ( 83 ) PDF (2741 KB) ( 352 )

	31	Seismic performance analysis of high core-wall rockfill dams based on deformation and stability
		XU Bin, ZHANG Xu, PANG Rui, GONG Jin, ZOU Degao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181004
		An analysis on the seismic performance of a high core-wall rockfill dam (HCRFD) is usually required for its safety operation in strong earthquake regions, and for such analysis deformation and stability are two important aspects. This paper describes a seismic analysis considering uncertainties in both dam material parameters and ground motion inputs. A fragility analytical method is used along with two performance parameters: relative seismic settlement ratio of dam crest and cumulative slippage. First, a Latin hypercube sampling method is used to select samples of multi-group material parameters, and then fragility analysis of a HCRFD under ground motions of several types at different earthquake intensity levels is made. Finally, using each of the two performance parameters, we obtain seismic fragility curves and probabilities of the dam at different performance levels. The results are thought to be helpful in seismic designs and decisions on the reinforcement or maintenance of HCRFDs.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 31-38 [Abstract] ( 95 ) PDF (458 KB) ( 340 )

	39	Universal model for joint optimization of flood control of reservoirs
		LUO Chengxin, ZHOU Jianzhong, YUAN Liu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181005
		To enhance the joint flood control capability of reservoirs, this paper describes the basic structure of a universal reservoirs-river flood control system for river basin, and develops a universal model for jointly optimizing the flood control of reservoirs to ensure the safety of the reservoirs and lower reaches. We analyze the composition and reservoir outflows' response characteristics of the inflows at flood control points, and develop an effective calculation method for the joint optimization using a dynamic programming - progressive optimal algorithm (DP-POA) nesting algorithm. In a case study of a catastrophic flood occurred in the Hanbei River basin, the calculations show that through optimization, the flood peaks at three flood control points in the basin are reduced by 24.32%, 12.05% and 9.34%, respectively, relative to regular operation. The effective reduction is a fruit of the pre-discharge and staggered peak shift strategies adopted in the optimized joint operation of the reservoirs in this basin, thus demonstrating the usefulness of our universal model.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 39-47 [Abstract] ( 117 ) PDF (471 KB) ( 248 )

	48	Assessing water temperature variations and impacts on fish spawning downstream of Three Gorges dam
		TAO Yuwei, WANG Yuankun, WANG Dong, WU Jichun, NI Lingling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181006
		Operation of the Three Gorges reservoir has caused changes in the natural hydrological regime. To evaluate the impact of the Three Gorges - Gezhouba cascade reservoirs on the middle Yangtze, we analyze the annual variation in water temperature at Yichang hydrological station, using statistical approaches of moving average, Kendall's rank correlation, and Spearman's rank correlation, and focusing on water temperature quantified with evaluation indicators. The results show that the Gezhouba reservoir has a slight impact on the water temperature at Yichang because of its small storage capacity. Since impoundment of the Three Gorges reservoir, water temperature has shown larger fluctuations featured with a hysteretic effect, and the peak-valley differences have decreased year by year. The impoundment has significantly impacted the natural river water temperature below the dam. The period of higher water temperature within a year has manifested a tendency of time delay, which is an evidence showing that the reservoir has caused changes in water temperature. Our analysis indicates that under this circumstance, the spawning time of Chinese sturgeon should have been delayed for about 29 days. This study would be useful to the ecological operation of the Three Gorges reservoir facing biological conservation.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 48-55 [Abstract] ( 123 ) PDF (466 KB) ( 369 )

	56	Conceptual model of deposition process in oxbow lake inlet on a small meandering river
		LI Zhiwei, LI Xiang, HU Xuyue, TIAN Shimin, YU Guo’an
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181007
		From the 2011-2017 field surveys of the Yellow River source region, bedload deposition was found to be the leading pattern in the inlet section of an oxbow lake on the Black River of the Zoige basin, but the deposition process and its control factors remain unclear yet. This paper gives a theoretical analysis to clarify this issue, draws a sketch of its relevant physics, and constructs a conceptual model of deposition process. This model is used in the numerical calculations and verified against survey data. Numerical results show that the deposition rate at the inlet section is a function of its upstream sediment supply, the length of its sand plug, and the diversion angle between the new and old channels, and that the time span of the inlet deposition stage is shorter in the case of a shorter plug, more supply, or larger angle. Application of the model to the simulations of deposition and formation of another oxbow lake in the upper Black River achieves a good agreement with measurements. It also reveals a modeling error in the lake formation during the four flood seasons of 2013-2016 and its causes ? unsteady incoming flow and sediment and their large variation ranges.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 56-65 [Abstract] ( 125 ) PDF (1704 KB) ( 287 )

	66	Optimization of stilling basin with vertical expansion and falling step based on SVR-GA algorithm
		GUAN Xiafei, DIAO Mingjun, JIANG Lei, LU Xin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181008
		Optimization of stilling basin designs has attracted research efforts in hydraulic engineering. In the optimization, the widely used trial-and-error approach is not only inefficient, but difficult to take multi-objectives into account. Thus it is essential to design a systematic and goal-oriented optimization approach. This study adopts the support vector regression (SVR) to construct an approximate model for the relationship of optimized variables (height of falling step, expansion ratio, and end sill slope) versus optimization targets (energy dissipation ratio and near-bottom velocity) through a case study of designing a stilling basin for the Dazhai reservoir in Sichuan. And we solve it using a genetic algorithm (GA) and obtain an optimized scheme. Comparison with the pre-optimized design shows that the energy dissipation ratio of this optimized design is roughly the same, while its overall performance is significantly improved, particularly the near-bottom velocity that has a much lower peak and the time-average pressure that tends to be uniform along the bottom wall. This study indicates that our new optimization approach would be applicable to other similar hydraulic structures.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 66-75 [Abstract] ( 138 ) PDF (2472 KB) ( 303 )

	76	Analysis on evolution of mid-channel sandbars in Shashi reach after the Three Gorges Project operation
		LI Yiwen, XIA Junqiang, ZHOU Meirong, DENG Shanshan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181009
		The mid-channel sandbars in the Shashi reach have recently undergone significant evolution owing to the operation of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). This paper reports an analysis on this evolution and its influencing factors using the 1999-2016 hydrological and topographic data and the 2003-2016 satellite remote sensing images. The results show that generally these sandbars have degraded and withered since the TGP operation commenced. The mid-channel sandbar at Taipingkou was first deposited and then scoured, shrinking in area (30 m contour) from the maximum (2.38 km2) occurred in 2010 to a value of 62.6% smaller in 2016. The mid-channel sandbars at Sanbatan and Jinchengzhou were scoured during 2003-2016, decreasing in area by 91.2% and 70.1% respectively relative to the values in 2002, with their right sides collapsing and retreating significantly. We demonstrate that the period of 2003-2010 saw a gradual weakening in the impact of the point sandbar at Lalinzhou on the mid-channel sandbars in the Shashi reach, and that among these mid-channel sandbars an obvious mutual interaction has started since 2010. In addition, we develop empirical relationships of the mid-channel sandbar areas versus the flood-season average fluvial erosion intensity over previous five years, revealing the sandbars’ tendency and response to changes in flow and sediment regime.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 76-85 [Abstract] ( 126 ) PDF (2449 KB) ( 365 )

	86	Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the effects of slanting plates in vertical flow desilting tank
		TAN Lixin, TANG Min, XU Changhe
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181010
		Numerical simulations of a vertical flow desilting tank are conducted to explore how to improve its flow and silt concentration conditions by installing a set of slanting plates. This paper focuses on an analysis of the effect of slanting plates on its working efficiency and lays a theoretical basis for optimizing its flow structure and desilting efficiency. A mixture model and RNG k-??model are adopted to numerically simulate the flows, and the flow patterns and silt concentration distribution are compared with those modified by the slanting plates. Generally, in the unmodified tanks exist vortices that increase the turbulent kinetic energy and cause an upward movement of the suspended silt. The slanting plates, via improving flow structure, can prevent the vortex zone from extending further upward and hence impose a great influence on desilting efficiency. Such a tank design can effectively avoid the occurrence of turbid water density current at initial water filling stage, so as to improve the overall flow patterns in the tank. Another benefit from adding these plates is a significant improvement on the water quality of the tank outflow as a result of an increase in the silt precipitating area, along with the upward silt transport blocked by them. Thus, this study offers evidences of better flow structure and higher working efficiency of the desilting tank with slanting plates.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 86-95 [Abstract] ( 138 ) PDF (3160 KB) ( 278 )

	96	Fine partition of hydraulic turbine operation zones based on online monitoring data
		LOU Qiang, WANG Weiyu, CHEN Qijuan, GUO Dingyu, CHENG Xiaoyi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181011
		Partition of operation zones is of great significance to the safety and stability of hydropower units. The conventional partition methods are generally based on stability tests under certain water heads and load conditions, but limited test data lead to a difficulty in the partition to cover all the practical operation cases and thus they are relatively rough methods. This paper presents a fine partition method based on online monitoring data and analysis of stability tests. In a case study of a Francis turbine with severe pressure fluctuations in its draft tube, we first draw head-load pseudo color maps of the unit using fluctuation data and obtain the zones of excessive pressure fluctuations for those measuring points exceeding the standard, and then partition the operation zones according to vortex intensity. Comparison of the areas of excessive fluctuations and the partition results with those of the conventional methods shows that our new fine partition method is superior in identifying the boundaries and ranges of draft tube vortex zones and achieving the partition of total water heads.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 96-102 [Abstract] ( 118 ) PDF (688 KB) ( 261 )

	103	Collaborative schedule-cost management of hydropower projects based on BIM and P3E/C
		ZHANG Sherong, PAN Fei, SHI Yueyang, XU Tong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181012
		This paper develops new solutions to implementing schedule-cost coordination using packages BIM and P3E/C to improve the operability and intuition of the collaborative management of hydropower projects’ schedule and cost. First, we establish correlations between the P3E/C schedule-and-cost plan data and the BIM model components, and work out a procedure for implementing asynchronous calls by combining with the P3E/C Web Service interface. Then, we analyze the expression of schedule-and-cost information modeling by the IFC standard, and develop an initialization schedule-and-cost information model through secondary development of Revit using C# language, i.e. a baseline model for network-based information collaboration. Finally, we formulate a general procedure for implementing schedule-cost collaborative management together with a technique for achieving 5D schedule-and-cost tracking and analysis functions based on BIM, thereby obtaining a visual platform of information sharing and collaborative work at different staff levels. The results show that this method provides a visualization tool for tracking construction progress and cost, collecting more intuitive decision information for project managers and leaders, and lowering the threshold of professional management software for project implementation layers.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 103-112 [Abstract] ( 116 ) PDF (2452 KB) ( 285 )

	113	Solution to reliability of large aqueduct structures subjected to random earthquake ground motions
		ZHANG Wei, WANG Bo, XU Jianguo, HUANG Liang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20181013
		This paper describes a framework for stochastic dynamic analysis and reliability assessment of large aqueduct structures that combines the continuum damage mechanics of concrete and the probability density evolution theory to model random ground motions using a refined FEM procedure. This new approach adopts a fiber beam element in OpenSEES to simulate the three-dimensional behaviors of the reinforced concrete structure of a prototype aqueduct, and generates one hundred samples of random ground motions with assigned probabilities using a physical random function model. We make a stochastic dynamic analysis obtaining the random dynamic responses of this structure and then adopt a probability density evolution method to examine the effect of random fluctuations in the responses. Dynamic reliability curves at different failure thresholds can be obtained for large aqueduct structures that are given absorbing boundary conditions associated with the ultimate displacement ratios of the piers. Thus, the framework and analysis in this study is a useful tool for seismic analysis and reliability design of large aqueduct structures.
		2018 Vol. 37 (10): 113-120 [Abstract] ( 88 ) PDF (578 KB) ( 336 )