Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 9 Published: 2017-09-25

	1	Early warning system of Dongmiaojia landslide body in Xiaolangdi water control project
		LIU Handong, WANG Siwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170901
		In this study we analyzed the stability of the Dongmiaojia landslide body in the Xiaolangdi water control project using Flac3D numerical simulations. This landslide body is stable in the normal condition and unstable during heavy rains or earthquakes; in heavy rain conditions, relative large displacements occur to it and may further trigger a fast sliding. From the data of monitoring its surface layer appearances and deep layer deformation for 17 years, we analyzed its sliding trend. Using stability analysis and sliding trend analysis, automatic monitoring schemes were designed and an Internet of Things monitoring system was developed. Detailed monitoring methods were arranged in this study, such as those used for surface and deep deformation, seepage pressure, and precipitation. For the Dongmiaojia landslide body, we recommended a system of three-level failure warning along with a method to determine the warning threshold of rainfall, deformation rate, and other indexes.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 118 ) PDF (3605 KB) ( 456 )

	10	PFC modelling of fresh RCC uniaxial compression tests and inversion of meso-structural parameters
		LIU Donghai, MA Hongyan, LI Zilong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170902
		To study RCC compaction mechanisms from the mesoscopic perspective, inversion of meso-structural parameters was calculated by modelling uniaxial compression tests of fresh roller-compacted concrete (RCC) using the Particle Flow Code (PFC). First, basing on sieving statistical results, we developed a method for determination of the number of particles with different sizes so as to simulate the mixture proportion and aggregate gradations of RCC, and simulated the geometric shapes of irregular aggregates using a 3D laser scanning technology. Then, a new method for PFC simulation of RCC uniaxial compression tests was developed, and a BP neural network was established to replace complicated PFC simulations. Finally, we present an inversion method of RCC meso-structural parameters along with its solution algorithm of adaptive differential evolution (ADE), which takes the stress-strain curve of a compression test as its calibration target. A case study shows that the uniaxial compression curves, achieved from the PFC simulation using the inversed parameters, agree well with the test curves. The PFC model and inversed meso-parameters presented in this paper would lay a theoretical basis for further studies on RCC vibrating compaction and its mesoscopic mechanism of layers bonding.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 10-20 [Abstract] ( 184 ) PDF (2743 KB) ( 488 )

	21	Non-cooperative game dispatching of regional power grid with wind, thermal and pumped storage power plants
		YANG Guoqing, FU Jing, WANG Deyi, LUO Hang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170903
		In today’s increasingly open power market, power generation enterprises, as the direct interest body in the dispatching process, will have greater autonomy. For dispatching a regional power grid, how to use an optimal strategy to balance the benefits among the power plants connected to it is a key issue to be settled. In this work, a power system dispatching model of three independent game participants ? wind farms, thermal power plants and pumped storage hydropower stations ? was developed using the non-cooperative game theory and considering constraints of wind power utilization. It adopts a decision space balancing the output strategies among the participants and optimizes each participant’s profit. To solve the dispatching model, a Nash equilibrium algorithm was constructed to comprehensively consider different characteristics of power plant outputs of various types. Calculations show that this model can generate Nash equilibrium solutions to the problems of daily dispatching for a power system with power plants of the three types in different scenarios. And in a case study, it achieved an increase of 3.2% - 6.2% in the parties’ interest balance degrees and significantly improve the stability of their interests; in the condition of the same interest balance, it achieved an increase of 2.8% - 3.0% in wind power output.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 21-30 [Abstract] ( 127 ) PDF (512 KB) ( 317 )

	31	Flood control risk analysis based on uncertainties in runoff model parameters
		ZHANG Taiheng, WU Xinyu, SUN Qianying
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170904
		Rainfall-runoff models are important for flood forecasting and control, but large errors in their predictions could be produced even using the data of in-situ rainfall observation due to uncertainties in their parameters. Therefore, certain risks exist in the flood control decision making that is based on the forecasting results. For a quantitative analysis of such risks, this paper describes a flood risk analysis method that integrates a generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method and simulations of reservoir operation. By using a large number of equivalent parameters, this method calculates a set of reservoir inflows for possible flood processes and estimates their effects on scheduling decision so as to obtain the probability of risk events. Its application in a case study of the Shuangpai basin together with the Xin’anjiang model shows satisfactory effects in reducing forecast errors and advantages in the decision making of flood forecasting and control.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 31-39 [Abstract] ( 139 ) PDF (1344 KB) ( 283 )

	40	Optimal scheduling of reservoirs considering surplus water risk
		XU Gang, ZHANG Hui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170905
		Surplus water risk of reservoirs is a key factor in dispatching operation of hydropower stations. In traditional reservoir scheduling, models were generally constructed to maximize power generation or income. Although an optimal solution to such models is theoretically possible, it always fails to account for the risk in determination of the reservoir water surplus and hence the objective functions so obtained will be practically useless. In this work, a water surplus estimate for a river basin in a given time interval was calculated first from the statistics of the basin’s historical runoff records, and then it was modified into the actual surplus of this interval by requiring it to satisfy a water balance equation. Finally, annual power generation of the cascade hydropower stations was maximized under a certain condition of surplus water risk. In a case study of the Wuxijiang River cascade hydropower stations, comparison with a traditional scheduling model shows that the new surplus risk model can produce scheduling schemes of better risk benefits for hydropower stations.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 40-47 [Abstract] ( 162 ) PDF (447 KB) ( 354 )

	48	Flood control operation of cascade reservoirs in the upper Yellow River considering early warning
		MENG Xuejiao, CHANG Jianxia, WANG Yimin, WANG Xuebin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170906
		Flood early warning and flood control operation are two non-engineering measures for flood defense, both playing a key role in reservoir flood control. This paper develops a flood warning system for cascade reservoirs combining these two measures and a flood control operation model considering early warning in the upper Yellow River for flood control and disaster reduction. To calculate the early warning indicators of the system, a fuzzy set theory is used and the early warning indexes and levels are verified using the indicators. This model is solved using the cuckoo search method, and optimal early warning countermeasures and optimal operation schemes are obtained. Results show that flood control operation models considering early warning are more reliable than the flood control scheduling simulation model, providing a new approach to the flood control of cascade reservoirs.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 48-59 [Abstract] ( 161 ) PDF (908 KB) ( 305 )

	60	Effect of training strategies on fluvial process in lower Yellow main stream under hydrological changes
		LI Xiaonan, ZHONG Deyu, WANG Yanjun, WANG Yongqiang, JIA Baozhen, ZHANG Hongwu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170907
		Adjustment of river training strategy for the Lower Yellow River (LYR) has become an issue of major concerns, especially under the condition of remarkable changes in its hydrological features. This work was aimed at the impacts of different training strategies using a one-dimensional model. Starting from an initial bed topography based on the in-situ cross section measurements completed in 2013 and adopting the input hydrographs in three representative hydrological scenarios, we simulated the next 50 years’ fluvial process in a long reach that will take two training measures, i.e. wide channel training and narrow channel training, focusing on accumulative riverbed erosion and deposition, its distribution along the channel, and bankfull discharge. The results show that if the existing trend of runoff and sediment yield decreasing keeps unchanged in this period, a favorable riverbed morphology can be expected no matter what strategy is adopted, especially in the narrow channel case that will reduce more sedimentation. However, if the incoming sediment recovers to the mean level of last century, channel shrinkage due to sedimentation inevitably occurs in either case of wide or narrow channel training. This study also shows that narrow channel training will reduce the overall deposition over the long reach of the lower Yellow but it will lead to more aggradation in the transitional reach and hence worsen its hump deposition, which needs further study.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 60-74 [Abstract] ( 147 ) PDF (758 KB) ( 341 )

	75	Experimental study of pathogenic microorganisms in raw water disinfected by hydrodynamic cavitation in variable diffusion angle Venturi tubes
		WANG Lei, DONG Zhiyong, QIN Zhaoyu, GENG Kun, ZHANG Kai, JU Wenjie, ZHAO Wenqian, LI Yangru, LI Daqing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170908
		In this work, a self-developed varied diffusion angle Venturi-type hydrodynamic cavitation generator was used to sterilize the raw water sample, taken from the Shangtang River of Hangzhou and blended with pathogenic microorganisms of different contents. Its killing effect was characterized by detecting the killing rates of total colony count and Escherichia coli, both as indicative microbes, and the study focused on the effects of Venturi diffusion angle and throat velocity, raw water percentage, cavitation number, and cavitation time on the killing rates. Results show that the killing effect can be improved by using appropriate raw water percentage and diffusion angle, increasing Venturi throat velocity, lowering cavitation number, or improving cavitation time. And hydrodynamic cavitation is an effective way to kill pathogenic microorganisms in raw water, thereby providing a safe, efficient and novel technology for drinking water disinfection without adverse by-products.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 75-81 [Abstract] ( 109 ) PDF (617 KB) ( 226 )

	82	Hydraulic performance experiment of trapezoidal cut-throated flume in trapezoidal channel
		RAN Danjie, WANG Wen’e, HU Xiaotao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170909
		Applicability of trapezoidal cut-throated flumes to flow measurement in terminal trapezoidal channels was preliminarily explored in this work. Considering the geometrics of trapezoidal sections, we designed trapezoidal throat throat and experimentally tested it in trapezoidal cut-throated flumes of different throat contraction ratios (0.4-0.7) under different discharges (15-72 L/s), examining the hydraulic performance of the flows under 48 free flow working conditions. Water level was measured at 15 cross sections and variation in water surface profile was obtained; based on the principle of critical flow, dependency of the flume discharge on various factors was examined and a discharge formula was established. And we analyzed the longitudinal variations in Froude number, backwater depth and head loss, along with the precision of measurements. Results show that under free flow conditions, no critical flow will occur when the throat contraction ratio is larger than 0.6 and the channel flow rate lower than 16 L/s. When the contraction ratio is in the range of 0.4-0.6, the formula has a satisfactory accuracy of relative error within 4.8%; when in the range of 0.5-0.7, the backwater height is less than 3.15 cm and the average head loss is about 4% of the working head. A comprehensive analysis reveals that the contraction ratio of 0.5-0.6 is a suitable range for flow measurement and this new device would be useful for the irrigation systems in North China.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 82-90 [Abstract] ( 174 ) PDF (505 KB) ( 243 )

	91	Hydraulic characteristics of straight and T-shape spur dikes in 60° channel bend by numerical simulation
		WEI Wenli, GUO Yangyang, ZHANG Zewei, LIU Yuling, LI Dongxu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170910
		Three-dimensional hydraulic characteristics of spur dikes in a 60° channel bend were simulated numerically using a gas-liquid two-phase flow model and an RNG k-ε turbulence model (FLUENT 6.3), along with the VOF method for free surface tracking and the SIMPLE algorithm for solving the governing equations on a finite-volume discretization framework. Calculated distributions of velocity and water level in the bend show a good agreement with previous experimental data. This two-phase flow model was applied to simulations of the flows around a set of three T-shape spur dikes located at the concave side of a 60° channel bend. Comparison with straight spur dikes indicates that the T-shape spur dikes have advantages in reducing transverse surface slope, improving flow patterns, and suppressing flow circulations behind the spur dikes.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 91-99 [Abstract] ( 173 ) PDF (721 KB) ( 342 )

	100	Tank experiment of cooling water discharge and its numerical simulations using 2D, quasi-3D and 3D models
		DUAN Yafei, ZHAO Yijun, JI Ping, ZHANG Beibei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170911
		The 2D depth-averaged model, quasi-3D model and 3D model are three important types of tools for simulation of cooling water. However, quite limited yet is our understanding of the key factors affecting the outputs and performances of these models of different dimensionality. In this study, a tank experiment was conducted in an artificial meteorological room to test open channel thermal discharging, and the experimental flows were simulated separately using the three models. The simulations were compared with the measured data. This study shows that the key factors in cooling water simulation are effective viscosity, effective diffusivity, and turbulence modeling. All the three models give quite similar temperature distributions in the far-field, but for the near filed of a buoyant jet flow, the 3D model performs better than the other two, more accurately capturing the flow characteristics including circulation zones and dilution mixing. The quasi-3D model produces too small vertical temperature gradients, especially in the far field, thus less accurate than the 3D model; the 3D simulations give a better shape of temperature distributions than the quasi-3D simulations do and much better than the 2D simulations do.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 100-110 [Abstract] ( 161 ) PDF (2923 KB) ( 342 )

	111	Field observation and simulation study of three-dimensional flows in West Lake, Hangzhou
		YOU Aiju, HUA Lei, HAN Zengcui, ZHANG Jianliang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170912
		Field observation of the stratified flows in West Lake was carried out in this study using a buoy-up ADCP meter method, and flow circulations in this lake were detected and confirmed for the first time. The flows were also simulated using an EFDC model and the in-situ measured data of wind field. The simulations were in good agreement with the layered velocity measurements of the flows, and it showed a good applicability of this model to the lake’s stratified flows. We analyzed and compared the characteristics of stratified flows under constant northeast wind and southwest wind across the lake measured in 2013, and found out that the flows in the lake, especially in its surface layer, were very sensitive to the wind field over it. A clockwise circulation was often formed at its southeast side under northeast wind, while an anticlockwise circulation at nearly the same location under southwest wind. Flow velocities in the lake varied from the order of 1 mm/s to 1 cm/s, uneven in distribution; higher velocities were around its inlet and outlet and near its bank while lower velocities in its central part.
		2017 Vol. 36 (9): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 89 ) PDF (3854 KB) ( 256 )