Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2024 Vol. 43, No. 4 Published: 2024-04-25

	1	Global hydropower development trend and China’s role in context of carbon neutrality ^Hot!
		CHEN Guanfu, WANG Xinhuai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240401
		Since the Paris Agreement was signed, it has become a broad consensus of the international community to promote global carbon neutrality. Green energy development is the key to achieving carbon neutrality; Hydropower, as a highly flexible renewable energy, will play an important role in the transformation of the global energy structure. The current hydropower development situation is different across the world, due to the difference in economic development levels, hydropower potentials, and the degree of development. And the development of global hydropower faces both opportunities and challenges under the current complex context of global energy transition, climate change, environmental policy impact, and geopolitical conflicts. In recent years, China is leading the development of hydropower and has made remarkable progress. Therefore, the global hydropower industry needs to speak up and take active measures to formulate development strategies from various aspects, deepen the energy revolution, drive the sustainable development of hydropower globally, and push it to continue to play a role as the backbone of tomorrow's novel energy system for a smooth realization of carbon neutrality.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 109 ) PDF (1716 KB) ( 351 )

	12	Hindcasting on "July 2023" flood event in Beijing ^Hot!
		Mahmut Tudaji, TONG Rui, XU Baoning, ZHOU Ruiyang, GONG Aofan, ZENG Jing, JI Mingfeng, QI Youcun, NI Guangheng, TIAN Fuqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240402
		In this study, we apply the Beijing flood forecast model and both the gauge-measured and radar-monitored rainfall data to reassess the "July 2023" flood event that occurred in the key regions of Beijing. Results reveal that the radar-derived rainfall data closely align with ground observations, offering a more nuanced representation of the rainfall's temporal and spatial variations. Comparative evaluation of the forecasting capabilities based on these rainfall datasets demonstrates their substantial equivalence, affirming the radar data's viability as a credible alternative to ground measurements. Our specialized Beijing flood forecast model, meticulously tailored to the distinctive runoff characteristics of the city’s mountainous areas, consistently exhibits a high accuracy across a wide range of scenarios. The intricate hydrological processes in the city's mountainous terrains are inherently nonlinear; the parameters of its hydrological model, often derived from the historical floods of varying magnitudes, inherently harbor uncertainties. Recognizing the dynamic nature of runoff and flood events, we emphasize the necessity of proactive model parameter optimization. This optimization procedure should integrate real-time conditions and the most current data so as to bolster the reliability of flood predictions.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 12-22 [Abstract] ( 124 ) PDF (5847 KB) ( 351 )

	23	Analysis of electricity carbon emission levels in China in background of carbon neutrality
		DU Xiaohu, ZHOU Xingbo, ZHOU Jianping
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240403
		The low-carbon transformation of electricity has an overall strategic significance for China to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. This paper presents an analysis and predictions of the power growth process and phased development goals in China in the next 40 years, on the basis of summarizing the developing process of low-carbon electricity in the past 10 years, and taking population, urbanization, economic aggregate, and economic structure as the boundary conditions and driving forces. We examine the influence of a variety of factors on the carbon emission level－such as fossil power proportion, terminal power consumption proportion, nuclear power development scale, and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)－with the constraints of system security and supply-demand balance. We estimate that the total carbon emission from electricity will reach its peak around 2035, 6 - 6.5 billion tons, and then be reduced year by year down to a level below 1 billion tons in 2060. With the help of CCUS technology, zero electricity emissions can be achieved. Finally, in view of the long-term coexistence of demand growth and low-carbon transformation, we suggest that future power development be based on the premise of safe supply, giving priority to the development of renewable energy power, multi-energy development, and a wider range of multi-energy complementary coordinated development and complementary operation.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 23-33 [Abstract] ( 84 ) PDF (576 KB) ( 276 )

	34	Evolution characteristics of drought-flood abrupt alternation events in Yangtze River basin and its socio-economic exposure
		MENG Changqing, DONG Zijiao, WANG Yuankun, ZHANG Yuqing, ZHONG Deyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240404
		Drought-flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) refers to a rapid transformation between droughts and floods, which poses great threats to agricultural production and human security. This study, based on the monthly scale magnitude index of DFAA, analyzes four types of historical and future DFAA events in the Yangtze River basin. A time-varying function for the magnitude of DFAA is constructed using a sliding window approach, revealing the future changes in DFAA risk. Shared socio-economic pathways are integrated to quantify the impact extent of changing risk of DFAA on population and economy. The results show that in historical periods, the hotspots of the DFAA events were mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the basin, with drought-flood and flood-drought events occurring 10 - 12 times per decade, and drought-flood-drought and flood-drought-flood events occurring 3 - 4 times per decade. Drought-flood-drought and flood-drought-flood events are projected to significantly increase in the future for the whole basin, and parts of it will experience a growth of approximately seven times. For the historically recorded 50-year DFAA events, the probability of their occurrence will increase by 5 to 10 times in the future, and the population and economy of the basin will be significantly affected.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 34-49 [Abstract] ( 105 ) PDF (7739 KB) ( 206 )

	50	Multiple linear regression analysis on head loss coefficients of side inlets and outlets
		GAO Xueping, TAO Wenjie, ZHU Hongtao, LIU Yinzhu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240405
		Flows past the inlets and outlets cause a significant part of the total head loss in the water transmission system of a pumped storage power plant, and its accurate calculation is needed in evaluation of the plant’s economic benefit. This paper uses numerical simulations to study the head loss coefficients of 14 types of side inlets and outlets. Using the multiple linear regression method, we formulate regression equations that can calculate the head loss coefficient, and examine its variations with the shape parameters of the inlets and outlets. The results show that the influence of these parameters on the loss coefficients is significant in the outflow condition while insignificant in the inflow condition. Under the outflow condition, a positive correlation occurs between the loss coefficient and the parameters－the length of the diffusion section, the distance between the middle pier retraction of the diffusion section, the horizontal diffusion angle, the vertical diffusion angle, and the ratio of the width of the side hole in the pier head of the diversion section, and the slope ratio of the reverse slope section－while a negative correlation occurs between the loss coefficient and the length of the adjustment section or the length of the anti-vortex beam section. The head loss coefficients calculated using the regression equations agree well with the calculations from numerical simulations. Application of our regression equations is a new way to calculate the head loss coefficients of side inlets and outlets.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 50-61 [Abstract] ( 61 ) PDF (1938 KB) ( 238 )

	62	Study on mechanism of water transfer project impacting on macrobenthos community based on water exchange capacity
		FANG Qingqing, WANG Guoqiang, ZHANG Shanghong, WANG Yuntao, ZHANG Siyuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240406
		Changes in the hydrological conditions cause the fluctuation of an aquatic ecosystem, and the operation of a large-scale water transfer project often changes the community structure of aquatic organisms. This study examines the community structure of macrobenthos in Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake before and after the implementation of a water transfer project. The characteristics of water age change caused by the project are simulated and analyzed, and the influence of such large-scale projects on the community of macrobenthos in the lakes is discussed from the perspective of water exchange capacity. The results show that on the annual scale, after the project’s operation for a certain period of time, a change in the macrobenthic community in Dongping Lake occurred from domination by small-size aquatic insects to domination by large-size molluscs, and the dominance of molluscs in Nansi Lake was more prominent. On the seasonal scale, the proportion of molluscs usually was decreased in the water transfer period (non-rainy season), and increased in the non-water transfer period (rainy season). The implementation and operation of the water transfer project has changed the characteristics of the hydrodynamic field in the lakes, and enhanced the exchange capacity of the water bodies on the annual scale. Superposition of the water transfer inflow and the river runoff into the lake causes a longer time of flows with high velocity in the lake, which was not conducive to the stable growth of small-size species and thus led to a gradual increase in the proportion of large-size molluscs on the annual scale. In addition, the project’s implementation mainly enhanced the water exchange capacity in the non-rainy season, but the capacity in the non-rainy season was still lower, even with an increased water volume being transferred, than that in the rainy season, which also caused a decrease in the proportion of molluscs in the rainy season and an increase in the non-rainy season before and after the implementation of the water transfer project.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 62-72 [Abstract] ( 63 ) PDF (2749 KB) ( 210 )

	73	Influence of opening on the Pelton turbine runner hydraulic performance
		LI Yanhao, LIU Zishi, XIAO Yexiang, LIANG Quanwei, LIU Jie, WANG Zhaoning
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240407
		Pelton turbines are suitable for converting the hydropower of medium, high and ultra-high heads, and has broad application prospect for harvesting high head hydropower in Southwest China. In this work, numerical simulations of the three-dimensional multi-phase flow were conducted in a model Pelton turbine designed for the Zixia hydropower plant in Tibet, focusing on its hydraulic performance and internal flow characteristics impacted by a single jet with five different openings. The predicted results show that under the design operating head, the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine reaches the highest under the optimal opening, and lowers as the opening deviates from its optimum. Hydraulic efficiency variation varies gently between the range of 0.75 to 1.60 times of the design discharge, with an efficiency drop less than 1% from the optimum. The comparative analysis of the unsteady flow behaviors in the runner bucket at three different opening conditions reveals the occurrence of leakage discharge at the bucket cutout, which aggravates significantly as the opening exceeds the optimum, accounting for the increase in hydraulic loss. This study provides reference for the design of the Zixia hydropower plant 230 MW large capacity Pelton turbine unit.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 73-80 [Abstract] ( 101 ) PDF (3308 KB) ( 188 )

	81	Cascade hydropower stations short-term schedule modeling and related locust visual evolutionary neural networks
		WANG Yuchi, ZHANG Zhuhong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240408
		For the short-term scheduling of cascaded hydropower stations, this paper constructs a network coordination short-term plant scheduling model to consider both peak shaving effect and power generation benefit, along with the factors of their interactive constraints. This new model is based on the water balance equation and takes the factors of unit output limitations, irregular vibration zones, and the backwater effect of tailwater as model constraints. Then, we develop an improved locust visual evolutionary neural network with adaptive parameter tuning to solve the model, through modifying the previous one by incorporating the visual residual mechanism, the half wave rectification mechanism, and local mean filtering. Further, a matrix-based state updating strategy is worked out to achieve the transition of states, resorting to the output of the visual neural network, the position updating strategy of the mountain gazelle optimization algorithm, and a chaotic mapping. Comparative numerical experiments have verified our new neural network has significant advantages in application: at least seven of thirteen benchmark examples, and at least two of three application scenes at the Beipanjiang cascade hydropower station in Guizhou.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 81-96 [Abstract] ( 70 ) PDF (779 KB) ( 124 )

	97	Dynamic characteristics analysis of shafting and hydro-turbine governing system coupling of hydropower units
		SHI Yousong, ZHANG Ge, CHENG Jian, LI Yinbin, ZHANG Dongfeng, ZHENG Yang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240409
		The dynamic characteristics of the shafting and hydro-turbine governing system (HTGS) of hydropower units (HU) have not been revealed, which restricts the optimal control of HU regulation. This paper develops a nonlinear mathematical model for a shafting-HTGS coupling system in different operating modes, and examines its nonlinear dynamic response characteristics. First, the Hopf bifurcation theory is used to analyze the stable region and bifurcation characteristics of the HTGS. Then, the time-frequency dynamic response characteristics of this coupling system are simulated and analyzed for its different operating modes. The results show that supercritical Hopf bifurcation exists in HTGS of both the isolated network and grid-connected HU, and the stability region of the governor parameter under the grid-connected HU is significantly larger than that of the isolated network HU. The HTGS frequency dynamic response of the HU and the power grid in the grid-connected mode have multi-frequency characteristics, and shafting vibration causes the dynamic response of the surge tank water level to ultra-low frequency oscillation (ULFO). The dynamic response overshoot of the grid-connected HU is significantly larger than that of the isolated HU, but its adjustment time is shorter. The shafting vibrations of isolated and grid-connected HUs are multi-frequency quasi-periodic, but the dynamic characteristics of shafting vibrations of the isolated HU are more complex.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 97-111 [Abstract] ( 41 ) PDF (2718 KB) ( 139 )

	112	Equipment selection optimization of earthwork allocation operation based on E-WOA coupling with AnyLogic
		HUANG Jianwen, WANG Mingliang, WANG Xingxia, WANG Yufeng, JIANG Hailong, LI Lifang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240410
		Equipment selection is the core of earthwork allocation engineering, and reasonable equipment selection serves as an effective safeguard for construction cost, progress and quality of a project. This paper describes an enhanced whale optimization algorithm (E-WOA) coupled with AnyLogic simulation platform for optimizing the machinery configuration scheme efficiently. First, an optimization model with the minimum total cost and expense is developed by analyzing the earthwork allocation deployment process systematically. Then, an AnyLogic simulation platform is used to construct a simulation model based on multiple-agents, which comprehensively describes the interaction relationship and dynamic process between equipment (excavator, dump truck, bulldozer, and roller), road, platform (unloading platform and parking platform), and other entity elements. Finally, E-WOA is introduced to couple with AnyLogic, and a simulation controller is developed to control the coupled model for automatic solving of the optimization problem. Application to engineering case studies demonstrates that this method can lead to a time saving of 11.11% and a cost reduction of 27.34%, thereby offering valuable insights for the management of earthwork allocation deployment projects.
		2024 Vol. 43 (4): 112-124 [Abstract] ( 56 ) PDF (2738 KB) ( 185 )