Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2024 Vol. 43, No. 2 Published: 2024-02-25

	1	Preliminary study on principles and methods of ecological-geotechnical engineering coordinated disaster reduction for small watersheds ^Hot!
		QI Shengwen, LIU Fangcui, XU Mengzhen, WANG Xueliang, XUE Lei, LIU Jinfeng, CHEN Jiangang, HUANG Kehan, SUN Juanjuan, DING Hao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240201
		With global warming, extreme rainfall events are increasing, leading to frequent disasters in small watersheds in mountainous regions and threatening severely the safety of people's lives and property. A small watershed can adopt various forms of disaster prevention and reduction, among which the combination of ecological engineering measures and geotechnical engineering measures can not just fully utilize the disaster reduction effects of the two measures at different periods, but also increase the overall disaster reduction effectiveness. At present, the principle of collaborative disaster reduction between ecological and geotechnical engineering measures is unclear, and their evaluation methods are also unclear; so, it is extremely difficult to combine the two organically or conduct a comprehensive disaster reduction benefit assessment. On the basis of natural solutions, this paper establishes a principle of coordinated ecological-geotechnical measures for reducing disasters in small watersheds in mountainous regions. Specifically, a stable step-deep pool structure using ecological and geotechnical engineering measures should be formed through collaboration of both fields, slope protection, and channel regulation, so as to achieve collaborative disaster reduction. Then, we give a quantitative method for evaluating the effectiveness of synergistic disaster reduction by small watershed ecological and geotechnical engineering measures based on energy reduction planning, thus laying a basis for design, species selection, and integration with geotechnical engineering strategies.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 1-14 [Abstract] ( 74 ) PDF (4825 KB) ( 232 )

	15	Numerical analysis of bucket hydro-abrasive erosion in Pelton turbine in sediment season ^Hot!
		LI Yanhao, ZHU Yilin, XIAO Yexiang, LIU Jie, LIANG Quanwei, LI Haijun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240202
		Sediment erosion is one of the main reasons for the failure of hydraulic components of a Pelton turbine. Especially in sediment season, sediment concentration increases greatly and the process of sand-carrying three-phase flow on the surface of the runner bucket is complicated, so the erosion problem is usually more severe. The Pelton turbine at the Zixia hydropower station in Tibet, planned for construction, is examined in the present work as a case study. This paper focuses on numerical simulations of its flow process of sediment particles on the bucket surface, using the Mansouri erosion model and the Euler-Lagrange method, based on its measured sediment characteristics data provided by the design institute. The characteristics of sediment particle flow and erosion distribution over the bucket surface under high sediment concentration in sediment season are examined. The numerical predictions of surface erosion distribution agree well with previous measurements in literature. The predictions show the bucket erosion concentrates near the water outlet edge of the root and the cutout edge of the bucket. The highest similarity occurs between the distributions of sediment erosion and the impact number, so the impact number imposes a great effect on sediment erosion.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 15-22 [Abstract] ( 78 ) PDF (5171 KB) ( 273 )

	23	Nonlinear dynamics analysis of fractional order rotor-bearing coupled systems
		SUN Wanquan, WANG Baoxia
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240203
		To deeply mine the nonlinear coupling vibration characteristics of the rotor-bearing system in a hydroelectric generator set, this paper extends its damping force from the traditional fixed integer order to the flexible range of fractional order. We constructed a new system dynamic model－coupling the rotor with fractional-order damping and the bearing with a fractional order. Then, the effects of different fractional orders on the system were examined; different motion patterns of the model coupled with fractional-order damping were explored in the order-symmetric system and order-asymmetric system. Distribution diagrams were drawn to illustrate the system's motions under different conditions, and different patterns in the dynamic characteristics of the contact faults were compared between integer-order and fractional-order damping. Our fractional-order damping dynamic model was validated and its superiority was verified through comparison of the touch-and-go faults dynamic characteristics between integer-order and fractional-order damping. The results showed that, compared with integer-order damping, the fractional-order damping had new dynamical features such as nonlocality, memorability, and adaptive nonlinearity.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 23-32 [Abstract] ( 51 ) PDF (5182 KB) ( 188 )

	33	Evolution and attribution of hydrological drought in upper Yangtze River Basin over the last 61 years
		LI Shuai, ZENG Ling, XIONG Bin, CAO Rui, GONG Wenting, ZHU Wenli
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240204
		Hydrological drought is jointly affected by climate change and human activities. Revealing the evolution characteristics of hydrological drought and its driving factors in the changing environment will contribute to improving the capacities of drought control and drought resistance. Based on the long time series of meteorological and hydrological data of 1960-2020 from the Upper Yangtze River Basin (UYRB), the present study first generates naturalized runoff time series using multi-model ensemble simulation method, and uses the reconstructed natural runoff to calculate the traditional standardized runoff index (SRIr) for characterizing the hydrological drought under natural conditions. Then, we simulate the time-dependent standardized runoff index (SRIt) using the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) with time as the covariate to represent the hydrological drought under non-stationary environment. Finally, the impacts of climate change and human activities on hydrological drought are distinguished quantitatively by comparative analysis of SRIr and SRIt series. The results show the overall trend of the hydrological drought evolution in this basin under natural conditions is intensified and has been further aggravated by human activities. The dominant factors of its hydrological drought evolution present obvious temporal and spatial differences: on the annual scale, climate change is the dominant factor in the basins of the Jinsha River, Tuo River and Wu River, while human activities are dominant in the Min River, Jialing River, and the whole upper Yangtze basin. Dominant factors of hydrological drought evolution on the seasonal scale are not completely consistent with those on the annual scale.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 33-45 [Abstract] ( 78 ) PDF (3221 KB) ( 264 )

	46	Multi-objective stochastic programming and clustering analysis for reservoirs refilling operation
		QUAN Yufei, XU Bin, YUE Hao, GUO Le, HUANG Xin, ZHU Lingwei, ZHONG Ping’an
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240205
		For cascade reservoirs in the period after main flood process, decision-making on the timing, rate and sequence of their refilling is faced with problems such as runoff forecast uncertainty and complex multi-objective competition-cooperation relationships. To deal with such difficulties in the refilling decision-making, we develop a stochastic optimization operation model for the water refilling of cascade reservoirs with five objectives, power generation, refilling degree, ecology, and upstream and downstream flood risks. We generate a non-inferior solution set for the refiling, use the K-means clustering method to extract its features, and analyze the contradiction relationship between the objectives and the refilling mechanism. Application to a case study of the cascade reservoirs on the Yangtze River mainstream from Xiluodu to Gezhouba shows a drier water refilling period leads to a greater difficulty in the refilling and lower comprehensive benefits. For these reservoirs, the total power output in a dry year is 21.6% lower than that of a wet year; the strongest contradiction occurs between upstream flood control safety and power generation, with the correlation coefficient decreasing by 0.047 from a dry to wet year. The refilling in the Xiluodu and Three Gorges reservoirs varies in stages, rapid in the early stage and slow in the middle and later stages. The multi-objective stochastic programming and clustering analysis method developed in this study for reservoir refilling helps formulate better refilling schemes.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 46-56 [Abstract] ( 79 ) PDF (4179 KB) ( 206 )

	57	Experimental analysis of hydraulic characteristics of aerators in spillway tunnels with mild slope
		SUN Zhenxing, WANG Fangfang, SUN Chenguang, FENG Yelin, FAN Gufei, WU Shiqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240206
		Aeration to high-velocity water flow is an effective measure to reduce cavitation damage. However, under the condition of mild chute bottom slopes and large variations in reservoir stage, a conventional aerator is usually difficult to form stable, water-free aeration cavities. This paper examines the flow characteristics and aeration effects of bottom aerators through model tests under the condition of a mild bottom slope (3.3%), and compares conventional continuous aerators, special-shaped aerators, and combined aerators. We find that three main factors－Fr number, aerator slope, and chute bottom slope at the water nappe landing point－affect the incidence angle of water flow. At the chute bottom slopes tested, the influence of variations in aerator size is much greater than that of shape change; it is difficult to effectively solve the problem of water accumulation in the aeration cavity if a special-shaped aerator is adopted. Based on our scale model tests of a real project, we have shown that the combined sill aerator creates good air flow patterns, and it is applicable to the working heads with large amplitudes and better controlling backflow water in the cavity on mild bottom slopes.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 57-66 [Abstract] ( 68 ) PDF (2942 KB) ( 244 )

	67	Prototype experimental study on moveable hydro-suction dredging device
		LI Huanxin, LIU Dingmin, WEI Jiahua, LEI Tao, XUE Shijun, LI Ming, DUAN Yanchong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240207
		Economical and efficient sediment dredging is a key objective pursued by sediment workers. Previous indoor experimental results have demonstrated the promising dredging capacity and potential application of a recently suggested movable hydraulic dredging device. To further evaluate the device's effectiveness in practical field applications, this study conducts prototype experiments at two representative locations: Forebay No. 8 and the Yellow River bank in front of a water intake, both located within the first level station of Donglei Yellow River Pumping Project in Weinan, Shanxi. The results reveal the device effectively maintains a high sediment concentration throughout the entire dredging process. At the two sites, the mean sediment concentration reaches 560 kg/m3 and 330 kg/m3 respectively, obviously higher than those achieved by the previous indoor experiments and the traditional hydro-suction devices. These outcomes underscore the exceptional prototype dredging efficiency of our new design of the device. We have achieved an optimized scheme to address the current sedimentation issue faced by the pumping station－constructing a desilting basin in the upper and middle sections of Forebay No. 8, in combination with application of the device. Implementing this approach will achieve significant dredging and engineering benefits. Not only can sedimentation be reduced substantially, ensuring the long-term stable operation of the pumping station, but the obtained sediment can be utilized as construction sand, further enhancing its practical value.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 67-74 [Abstract] ( 70 ) PDF (2569 KB) ( 192 )

	75	Experimental study on hydrological effects of typical permeable pavement
		ZHAO Lidong, FENG Ping, LI Jianzhu, ZHANG Ting, ZHANG Libin, WANG Xinze
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240208
		To investigate the hydrological effect of typical permeable pavement, an artificial simulated rainfall experiment system is designed and developed in this work. After verification of rainfall characteristics, two experiments are conducted for the pavements of permeable concrete and grass-planting brick－a constant rainfall intensity infiltration experiment and a rainfall runoff experiment under design storm scenarios. The results show the experimental system can realize automatic, continuous variations in rainfall intensity. The simulated rainfall is close to the design rainstorm in terms of rainfall peak, rainfall total, and rainfall process, with a satisfactory effect. In comparison with the grass-planting brick, permeable concrete has a higher initial infiltration rate but a lower stable infiltration rate, and enters the stable infiltration stage earlier. Grass-planting brick can control runoff to a certain degree, even under sufficient water supply conditions. The Horton model gives a good description of the infiltration characteristics of permeable pavements. Permeable concrete shows a high correlation between runoff-producing processes and rainfall processes; it produces runoff earlier than the grass-planting brick for the same return period, with higher runoff production. Grass-planting brick performs better in reducing total runoff and peak runoff and delaying peak runoff.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 75-85 [Abstract] ( 65 ) PDF (4392 KB) ( 142 )

	86	Structural behavior analysis of asphalt concrete core wall dams based on real compaction quality and modified constitutive model
		CHANG Zhoumei, LIU Donghai, CHEN Hui, LIANG Jianyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240209
		To solve the deficiency of the Duncan-Chang model in describing the mechanical properties of core wall asphalt concrete, a modified constitutive model for this material is presented. And a finite element analysis method is developed based on the real compaction quality of different dam materials, to better consider spatial variations in the compaction quality of dam materials during real construction that often results in spatial differences in their mechanical properties. First, a spatial estimation of compaction quality for different dam materials is made using construction data collected by a Digital Dam system. Then, we construct quantitative relationships between compaction quality and constitutive model parameters for different dam materials, and determine the constitutive model parameters of each element; Through a secondary development of Abaqus, a spatial estimation of constitutive model parameters for different dam material zones is realized. Finally, we make a fine numerical analysis of the structural behavior during the construction of an asphalt concrete core wall rockfill dam for a real project. The results show that numerical simulation based on the real compaction quality of dam materials can better describe stress and deformation distributions in construction process, and the modified constitutive model improves the calculation accuracy of core wall deformation. Thus, this study demonstrates an effective approach to accurate analysis of the structural safety of asphalt concrete core wall rockfill dams.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 86-98 [Abstract] ( 63 ) PDF (1989 KB) ( 174 )

	99	Evaluation of nonlinear elastic constitutive model incorporating dilatancy for rockfill dam deformation simulations
		WANG Ke, TANG Hongjie, WANG Rui, ZHANG Jianmin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240210
		The accuracy of numerical simulations of the deformation of high rockfill dams, represented by the finite element method, depends on the constitutive model. This paper develops a practical nonlinear elastic constitutive model incorporating dilatancy, namely the EBD model, for rockfill dam deformation simulations based on the Duncan-Chang EB model. Using the deformation monitoring data of the Aertashi concrete faced rockfill dam, we design three inversion cases and obtain the optimal parameters of both the constitutive EB model and EBD model via inversion analysis. Then, corresponding triaxial compression tests are simulated numerically and compared against experimental measurements. The results indicate that at the structural level, the traditional EB model is not acceptable when the distributions of both settlement and horizontal deformation are simulated, while the EBD model improves the simulation accuracy of horizontal deformation while maintaining the accuracy of settlement. We find the EB model parameters that allow for acceptable deformation simulations will result in poor simulations of element level stress-strain behaviors. In contrast, the EBD model can achieve good simulations of dam deformation and element level stress-strain behaviors simultaneously.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 99-109 [Abstract] ( 53 ) PDF (2988 KB) ( 133 )

	110	Durability and lifespan predictions of hydraulic concrete under salt freezing coupling effect
		QIN Yuan, XUE Cun, LI Yao, ZHOU Heng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20240211
		To study the durability of hydraulic concrete under the environment of freeze-thaw salt intrusion in the northwest region, we prepare concrete specimens with different fly ash dosages and conduct freeze-thaw cycling tests, using different concentrations of sodium sulfate solution as the medium. The tests clarify the specimens’ behaviors under different cycles－appearance, quality, compressive strength, and dynamic modulus of specimens. And a concrete lifespan prediction model is developed based on the XGBoost model, and it is evaluated and validated. The results indicate that as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the quality, compressive strength, and dynamic modulus of concrete gradually decrease; The number of freeze-thaw cycles and the concentration of sodium sulfate solution are the key factors of concrete lifespan. The 8% solution causes the highest degree of damage, and the corresponding rate of concrete quality loss reaches 4.55% after 150 freeze-thaw cycles. The fly ash content has a certain impact on concrete durability; its optimal value is 10% and the resulted quality loss rate is 3.99% after 150 freeze-thaw cycles. The results show the XGBoost model has high accuracy and reliability in predicting concrete lifespan. This study would help the durability design and lifespan predictions of concrete structures.
		2024 Vol. 43 (2): 110-122 [Abstract] ( 71 ) PDF (2933 KB) ( 286 )