Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2022 Vol. 41, No. 6 Published: 2022-06-25

	1	Technical and economic analysis of Water Energy Storage to promote new energy development ^Hot!
		ZHOU Jianping, LI Shidong, GAO Jie
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220601
		Driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, new forms of energy generation such as wind power and solar power have developed rapidly. To solve the problems of intermittency and volatility in the power system, it is necessary to build matched energy storage facilities. In this paper, the gravity energy storage type of taking water as the medium is defined as Water Energy Storage. A comprehensive comparison is made between different forms of energy storage available at present and in the future, from the aspects of technical principle, economy, environmental impact, and operation safety. The results show Water Energy Storage is the best form of energy storage for supporting new energy development and New Power Systems in the next period of time. This paper also explores the planning idea, regulation calculation, evaluation method, development modes, and other key technologies and relevant policies for pumped storage, hydropower expansion and cascade reservoir energy storage, and takes an outlook for their development in the future. The study would help to plan and design new energy development and New Power Systems.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 559 ) PDF (668 KB) ( 706 )

	11	Parameter sensitivity analysis methods of Storm Water Management Model
		LIAO Ruting, XU Zongxue, YE Chenlei, ZUO Binbin, XIANG Daifeng, SHU Xinyi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220602
		Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is an effective tool for studying urban flood and waterlogging problems. The values of its sensitive parameters affect not only the calibration efficiency of model parameters but also its prediction accuracy. To accurately identify the sensitive parameters, this study uses both the modified Morris method and mutual information method to make sensitivity analysis from the local and global perspectives, respectively. The results show that for this model, the sensitive parameters for both peak flow and runoff coefficient are the Manning coefficient of the pervious area and the minimum infiltration rate, and either the modified Morris method or mutual information method can be used to identify these sensitive parameters, but the former is limited to relatively low recognition capability and the latter to a low recognition efficiency. Thus, we suggest that the modified Morris method be applied to the case of quick identification of the main sensitive parameters, and the two methods be combined to further identify other sensitive parameters.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 11-21 [Abstract] ( 220 ) PDF (2777 KB) ( 685 )

	22	Optimal operation of hydropower stations considering hydro-photovoltaic coordination and economy
		LIANG Yibin, CHANG Jianxia, GUO Aijun, LIU Biaoyin, LIU Fu, BA Gui, WANG Ziming, YANG Shihai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220603
		This paper develops an optimal operation model of hydropower unit operation for hydropower stations considering hydro-photovoltaic coordination and economy to reduce the fluctuation of photovoltaic outputs and improve the power generation efficiency of a hydro-photovoltaic complementary integrated system (HPCIS). We examine a study case of the Zangmu hydropower station, with the largest installed capacity in Tibet, and its planned photovoltaic power station, focusing on three typical days－sunny, cloudy and rainy days. For a HPCIS, this model uses the average fluctuation value of the total system output to describe its coordination, and represents its economy by the sum of the electricity benefit of comprehensive hydro-photovoltaic output and the compensation benefit of hydropower rotating reserve. For the typical days in dry season, a transformation relationship between system coordination and economy is revealed, and the daily operation behavior of hydropower and photovoltaic power generation is examined. The results show that for a HPCIS, an obvious competitive relationship exists between its coordination and economy. The average fluctuation of its total system output on the sunny, cloudy and rainy days is reduced from 3.5 MW to 2.5 MW, and the corresponding economic benefits are only reduced by 0.62%, 0.38% and 0.22%, respectively, improving its coordination and economy.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 22-33 [Abstract] ( 294 ) PDF (544 KB) ( 503 )

	34	Fund for reservoir flood limit water level based on benefit sharing
		LIU Pan, XIE Aili, GONG Yu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220604
		The fundamental reason why the flood limit level redesign is difficult to be widely used in practice lies in the inequality of responsibilities, rights and interests－the flood control authorized department bears the responsibility, the flood storage and detention area suffers the risks, and the reservoir owner takes the benefits. To achieve a certain equality through reservoir operation for flood control based on the optimized flood limit level, this paper constructs a basin flood control fund model incorporating three major factors－reservoir benefit increase, flood insurance paid by the residents in the flood storage and detention area, and start-up fund invested by the state. Application of this model to the middle and lower Hanjiang River shows the investment proportion for reservoir benefit increase is a key factor in the sustainable operation of the flood control fund. We recommend that a flood control fund can be constructed by summing up three parts: 50% of the reservoir benefit increase, the flood insurance, and a state start-up fund of 10 billion yuan. A mechanism of flood control fund operating should be built to promote risk sharing and benefit sharing equality, implement optimal schemes based on the flood limit water level, and realize sustainable basin development.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 34-42 [Abstract] ( 117 ) PDF (1004 KB) ( 246 )

	43	Investigating impact of Zangmu Reservoir on local climate based on WRF model
		YANG Dawen, TANG Lihua, YAN Dong, LI Ruiqi, CUI Tonghua
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220605
		The impact of reservoir on local climate is an important aspect of environment impact assessment for a hydropower construction project, such as the Zangmu Reservoir, the first large hydropower station on the middle Yarlung Zangbo River. This paper focuses on this reservoir and its surrounding area, and conducts regional land-atmosphere coupling simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to examine its influence on regional climate factors－the water and heat exchange between the land surface and atmosphere and the weather process. For the reservoir, different numerical simulation schemes are designed for the WRF model, considering hydrological changes caused by its impoundment, and its impact on the regional microclimate is analyzed based on the simulations. The results show that in this area, precipitation has experienced little change in spring, autumn or winter, while in summer it has manifested an increasing trend since the impoundment. Air specific humidity above the reservoir is increased throughout the year, with the largest increase in spring. Meanwhile, the impoundment has caused an increase in specific humidity across the northeast downwind zone and in the upstream valley. In the impounding area, air temperature 2 meters above the ground has risen, with the smallest rise of 0.4 ℃ in summer and the largest rise of 2 - 3 ℃ in winter. In the surrounding area, temperature has risen in autumn and winter and lowered a bit in summer. The results help environment impact assessment of plateau reservoir construction.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 43-52 [Abstract] ( 303 ) PDF (3555 KB) ( 429 )

	53	Hydrological model based on long short-term memory neural network and transfer learning
		YIN Shiming, XU Wei, XIONG Yicheng, TIAN Yuanyang, ZHAO Siqi, CHEN Si
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220606
		Aimed at the issue of hydrological modeling for the areas without or lacking hydrological data, this paper develops an intelligent hydrological model based on the transfer learning and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) technology, through a case study of the Jialing River, Wujiang River, and Minjiang River basins . First, based on the measured hydrological and meteorological data, this model adopts the K-nearest neighbor algorithm to simulate meteorological data, and uses the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) to generate river runoff process, creating measured and simulated sample sets. Then, we design different network transfer fine-tuning strategies and network learning scenarios, examine the possibility of network transfer, and compare the performance and effectiveness of the transferred networks. Results show the effect of transfer learning is better when the cell layer of the network is fixed and the other layers are fine-tuned. The transferred network is more stable and more accurate in the case of the network transfer performed in the same watershed or across watersheds. In cross-watershed transfer learning, higher similarity between the source and target watersheds leads to less difficult work and a higher accuracy in network transfer. Thus, this model is a new idea useful for hydrological model development for the areas without or lacking hydrological data.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 53-64 [Abstract] ( 241 ) PDF (4863 KB) ( 465 )

	65	Study on medium and long-term optimal dispatching of Jiangsu section of Estern Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project
		WEN Xin, LI Jingyi, TAN Qiaofeng, MAO Yunze, DING Ziyu, WANG Hao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220607
		For the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the prediction accuracy of its medium and long-term water inflows from the major water sources is not high enough, and the forecast period is limited. Under this circumstance, how to conduct scientific scheduling and rolling decision-making for such a complex systems is the key to a full realization of the comprehensive benefits of the Jiangsu section of this route. This paper presents a new two-stage stochastic optimization scheduling method based on a residual period scheduling cost function, which can realize a medium and long-term rolling scheduling decision for the project under the condition of forecast uncertainty. First, we examine scheduling operation rules for each project unit, and work out a calculation method of system water transfer cost by the principle of water balance. Then, we reveal the trend of historical water inflows from the main water sources, and derive a residual period cost function as a quantitative description of the residual period water transfer cost. Finally, a two-stage decision-making model is constructed for different inflows, and a medium and long-term flow scheduling scheme is generated in a rolling manner. The results show that this two-stage model can overcome the adverse effects of medium and long-term forecast uncertainty on dispatching decision-making, and reduce the cost of water transfer significantly through adjusting mutual across multiple water sources and selecting water sources and transfer routes.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 65-77 [Abstract] ( 223 ) PDF (3876 KB) ( 253 )

	78	Cavitation characteristics of flows in multi-orifice spillway tunnel
		ZHANG Dong, WANG Zhigang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220608
		The multi-stage orifice spillway tunnel is a type of internal energy dissipator that realizes energy dissipation through strong shear mixing of water flow, and its cavitation resisting performance is a key index affecting the safety of its operation. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the cavitation characteristics of the flows in a multi-stage orifice plate spillway tunnel based on the prototype hydraulic observation data of the spillway tunnel No.1 of the Xiaolangdi Dam, and examines the influence of scale effect on the incipient cavitation number by comparing with the measurements on our 1:40 vacuum tank model. The results show that the flow cavitation number is insensitive to changes in the reservoir water stage, while the incipient cavitation number increases with a rising stage. Consequently, a higher reservoir stage will lead to a smaller gate opening threshold of incipient cavitation. For a multi-stage orifice spillway tunnel, its incipient cavitation number is significantly influenced by scale effect; thus, the value obtained from a scale model must be modified. And its structure size and flow velocity are the main factors affecting the incipient cavitation number. Based on this, we work out a new method for correcting the incipient cavitation number of a vacuum tank model, achieving an error less than 2% against the prototype data and thus deepening our understanding of multi-stage orifice spillway tunnel hydraulics.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 78-87 [Abstract] ( 186 ) PDF (584 KB) ( 297 )

	88	Influence of tip clearance on multi-condition pressurization performance of multiphase pumps
		DOU Jianglong, SHI Guangtai, WANG Binxin, TAN Xiao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220609
		The existence of tip clearance causes tip leakage vortices in a mixed pump, imposing a greater impact on its pressurization performance. This paper studies quantitatively the effects of different tip clearances on the pressurization performance of a multiphase pump; based on this, the effects of flow rate and inlet air volume fraction are examined. We found that the influence of tip clearance is suppressed largely in the impeller section, and an increase in the tip clearance has a certain inhibitory effect on pump performance. At a small tip clearance, the flow has a significant effect on the performance of the impeller, while at a large tip clearance, it has a relatively smaller effect on the pressure load distribution of the blade surface. When the tip clearance is 0.5 mm or 1.5 mm, the inlet air volume fraction becomes larger, and the pressure load decreases significantly on the suction side while increases slightly on the pressure side. When the tip clearance is 1.0 mm, the inlet air volume fraction affected less on the blade surface. The results provide reference for the improvement in the pressure-boosting performance of the mixed pump.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 88-94 [Abstract] ( 99 ) PDF (1149 KB) ( 351 )

	95	Visualized experimental study on influence of number of blades on characteristics of self-priming pumps
		YANG Yinggang, MOU Jiegang, WU Denghao, XU Maosen, ZHANG Ting, WANG Shiyin, WU Ziyang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220610
		To study the characteristics of a self-priming pump, differences and patterns in its internal flow and self-priming time at different blade numbers are examined. We have built a visual experiment platform and studied its self-priming process via direct experimental observation. Through comparison and analysis between the designs of double, three and four blades, time evolution of the gas-liquid two-phase flows and distributions of the gas and liquid phases in different operation stages are studied, further revealing the influence mechanism of the blade number on self-priming time. In the experiment, a high-speed camera is also used to take photographs of the internal flows in the pump, so that we can explore the processes of gas-liquid mixing, gas-liquid separation, and gas-liquid reflux at different blade numbers more thoroughly, thus to reveal how the number of blades influences the gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern in each self-priming stage to improve self-priming pump impellers.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 95-101 [Abstract] ( 120 ) PDF (3349 KB) ( 247 )

	102	Study on forced flow vibration induced by high-frequency pipe wall vibration
		YANG Xiuwei, LIAN Jijian, WANG Haijun, LUO Liwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220611
		Pipe wall vibration process is simulated in this work using the CFD method with a dynamic mesh technique, and influence caused by pressure fluctuation of the flow in the pipe system is examined. A numerical model is developed that can overcome the defects in traditional forced vibration analysis－the closure problem in applying constant pressure boundary conditions and the overdetermined equations of the system. From the propagation characteristics of water hammers, the principle of mass conservation, and the barotropic relation between the density and pressure of water, a theoretical solution of pressure fluctuation magnitudes caused by pipe wall vibration is derived; superposition characteristics of pressure fluctuation are analyzed, along with the influence of domain parameters on pressure fluctuation magnitude. The simulation results indicate that once pipe wall vibration reaches a frequency of hundreds of Hertz, even with a magnitude as small as tens of microns, it may induce several meters of water-column pressure fluctuation, possibly leading to significant effects. And the amplitude of superimposed pressure fluctuation is less than twice the original one when the superposition characteristics of a reflected wave is considered. The calculations using our formula agree well with the CFD simulations, showing the same variation trends.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 102-111 [Abstract] ( 147 ) PDF (1741 KB) ( 225 )

	112	Influence of reverse S characteristics of pump-turbines on transient pressure during load rejection
		CHEN Long, YU Xiaodong, LI Gaohui, ZHANG Mengjie, CHEN Sheng, ZHANG Jian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220612
		Based on the water transmission and power generation system at the Changlongshan pumped storage station, this article presents numerical simulations of the load rejection condition using two sets of complete characteristic curves with different specific speeds, and summarizes the transient characteristics of pump-turbines by resorting to the unit operating trajectories on these curves. We give a definition of the S characteristic angle, a parameter that can be used for evaluating the influence of the inverse S region of the curves on the transient process. To verify this angle, we compare the influences of different inverse S shapes on the parameters of transient process, and examine the causes of the differences. The results show that for the load rejection of a unit, all the parameter extremes occur in a time interval from its runaway point to zero-flow point. A smaller S characteristic angle of the characteristic curve in this region leads to the pressure extremes farther away from the reverse pump zone, along with larger flows at the extremes and a lower flow change rate, thus lowering the pressure extremes greatly.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 112-119 [Abstract] ( 224 ) PDF (1405 KB) ( 529 )

	120	Meso characteristics of particle crushing of calcareous sand during compression
		GAO Yan, SHI Tiangen, LI Wenlong, CHEN Qing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220613
		Based on a tailor-made transparent model box and the close-range photogrammetry technology, compression and particle crushing characteristics of calcareous sand are explored through confined compression tests. Results show that the compression deformation of calcareous sand undergoes three stages: The first one is an initial compaction stage under low vertical stress where deformation is dominated by particle rearrangement, leading to a decrease in the volume of inter-particle pores; In the second stage dominated by grinding and angular rupture of sand particles under medium stress, the crushing destroys the interlocking and friction between sand particles to a certain extent, and makes the deformation develop further; In the third stage of overall particle crushing under high stress, the calcareous sand sample is dense and its deformation is controlled by overall particle crushing. The sand particles are broken into a larger number of small ones and the pores are released. Different particle sizes imply different particle crushing modes, but all the samples with a particle size greater than 5 mm undergo a full three-stage process under the conditions of test stress (σmax < 6 MPa).
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 120-130 [Abstract] ( 91 ) PDF (3551 KB) ( 170 )

	131	Study on influence of artificial sand MB value on mortar performances
		LI Jiazheng, GONG Dexin, SHI Yan, LIN Yuqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220614
		Clay minerals incorporated in raw rock in the production process will lead to an excessive MB value of the artificial sand and a negative impact on its cement mortar performance. This paper considers large differences in physical and chemical properties between different clay minerals, and examines the influence of different clay minerals on cement mortar performance at the same artificial sand MB value, which is of great significance to the use of artificial sands with different MB values. Using expansile clay montmorillonite and non-expansile clay illite separately, we prepare artificial sands with the same MB value and the same particle gradation, and confect the mortar test specimens with the same mix proportion. Then we test the workability, mechanical performance, freezing resistance, and dry shrinkage performance of different mortars. Results show obvious difference in the performances of the mortars containing clays of different mineral types at the same MB value. In this case of artificial sand, montmorillonite mortar has worse workability than illite mortar, but its mechanical performance, freezing resistance, and dry shrinkage performance are better.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 131-140 [Abstract] ( 136 ) PDF (1053 KB) ( 338 )

	141	Effect of low speed loading on confined compression deformation of Lianghekou rockfill material
		HUANG Wenchao, ZHANG Guike, DENG Gang, ZHANG Yanyi, ZHANG Yinqi, CHEN Hui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220615
		The deformation behaviors of rockfill material are time-dependent. In this work, large scale confined compression tests with the loading at different stress rates, successive unloading-reloading tests, and successive creep tests after the loading are conducted using test materials from the dry rockfill of slate designed for the shell material of the Lianghekou high gravelly-soil-core rockfill dam. The stress deformation process of the test material is obviously affected by its stress rate. For confined compression under medium-low stress, a higher stress rate leads to a larger deformation increment and a smaller confined compression modulus. Under high stress, the influence of stress rate on stress strain process weakens; however, a higher stress rate leads to a smaller deformation increment and a larger confined compression modulus, which is opposite to the medium-low stress case. During loading, rockfill deformation generally increases with the rising of stress rate. A hysteresis curve is formed during successive unloading-reloading at a constant stress rate after confined compression. A certain deformation is accumulated in each unloading-reloading cycle; the accumulation increment of each cycle is gradually decreased with the times of cycles, and the average rebound/recompression index is also decreased. Generally, for each cycle, a higher stress rate is related to smaller unloading deformation and reloading deformation, smaller accumulated deformation increment as well as faster convergence. The relationship between creep rate and creep time after loading is nearly linear in double logarithmic coordinates. As stress or stress rate increases, the initial creep rate grows, while the decay rate of creep rate is lowered.
		2022 Vol. 41 (6): 141-152 [Abstract] ( 105 ) PDF (1075 KB) ( 334 )