Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2022 Vol. 41, No. 5 Published: 2022-05-25

	1	Comparison of hydropower development degrees of key countries and regions in the world
		XIA Ting, ZHENG Sheng’an, REN Yan, HAN Dong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220501
		There are some issues in the degree and stage of hydropower development in China, such as different statements, vague comparative concepts, unclear data sources and statistical caliber, etc. This paper presents a systematic comparison of the hydropower development degrees in China and other key countries and regions to judge accurately the development stage and global level of China's hydropower, based on the international authoritative statistical data of hydropower resources and development status. The technical exploitable hydropower in China reaches 2740 TWh·a-1, accounting for 44.3% of the theoretical exploitable total, indicating her abundant hydropower resources and good development conditions. From the comparison of key countries and regions, the hydropower development degree in China has reached 48.2%, only second to the United States among the top ten in terms of the resources and installed capacity of hydropower, meaning 4.6% higher than the average level of developed countries. Although this overall degree is relatively high, the degree of some rivers in Southwest China is only 16%, and the proportion of pumped-storage power stations with good regulation performance is only 1.4% of the installed power capacity. Problems exist such as unbalanced regional development and weak pumping and storage function. Under the new situation, China should focus on promoting the development of conventional hydropower in key areas of the southwest basin, and accelerate large-scale construction of pumped-storage power stations.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 331 ) PDF (524 KB) ( 652 )

	12	Application of laser tracker to Wudongde hydraulic turbine generator units installation
		LIU Yujian, JIANG Huaping, CHEN Jiarui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220502
		Invention and development of a laser tracker system in this work realizes precise survey in the installation of hydraulic turbine generator units, and triggers a new achievement of installing quality and productivity higher than ever. The laser tracking technique has been widely employed for the installation project of the Wudongde hydraulic turbine generator units. For this project, we made secondary software development and a special design of measuring tools, and promoted its laser tracker system to meet the technological requirement by its construction process. This technique has achieved a higher accuracy, better reliability and higher productivity at its construction site, compared with the traditional surveying method and based on the survey data of its generator units installation. We demonstrate the potential of technological innovation through application of this new laser tracking technique, and emphasize the importance and difficulty in formulating a series of new flow schemes and organization modes of the installation and construction of hydraulic turbine generator units.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 12-20 [Abstract] ( 151 ) PDF (2023 KB) ( 425 )

	21	Optimal operation of cascade hydropower plants considering spawning of four major Chinese carps
		DAI Lingquan, DAI Huichao, LI Wei, TANG Zhengyang, REN Yufeng, CHANG Manqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220503
		This study examines cascade reservoirs operation to consider carp spawning and utilize water resources effectively via a case study of the Xiluodu-Xiangjiaba cascade hydropower stations in the lower Jinsha mainstream. First, we collect information from previous studies and measurements and estimate the appropriate ecological flow (AEF) required for fish spawning. Then a double-layer multi-objective model for cascade reservoirs operation is constructed using the long-short term coupling nested model, with an upper layer model solved by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and a lower layer model by the genetic algorithm (GA). This model is applied to the cascade reservoirs and their daily operation schemes are determined with a suitable consideration in improving the spawning habitats. The results show that to promote fish spawning, the total capacity of electric power production decreases by 191 million kW·h or a relative decrease of 1.76%, the fitness of ecological flow increases by 0.123, and the effective flood pulses cover up to 12 days. This study could help formulate ecological operation schemes for cascade reservoirs that need to promote the spawning of four major Chinese carps in the downstream.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 21-30 [Abstract] ( 216 ) PDF (677 KB) ( 489 )

	31	Mechanism of reservoir bank deformation during initial impoundment of Baihetan arch dam
		XU Jianrong, WANG Xingwang, WANG Jianxin, HE Mingjie, ZHANG Weidi, LIU Yaoru, YANG Qiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220504
		For a high arch dam, significant reservoir bank deformation during its impoundment has been observed and it is diversified in magnitude and variation, which threatens its working condition and long-term safety owing to the nature of its statically indeterminate structure. This paper presents an analysis of the reservoir bank deformation and its spatial and temporal distributions through examining the data of valley width, slope interior and reservoir plate for the Baihetan dam. The components of water level, temperature and aging are separated by developing a multiple stepwise regression model of valley width deformation. An elastic-plastic finite element model is constructed using the effective stress principle of fractured rock mass; the valley deformation at the initial impoundment stage of 800m is calculated. The monitoring data show that most of the survey lines are basically in shrinkage deformation, and all of them have a certain correlation with the rise in the reservoir impounding stage. Along the river, the upstream sections feature a valley width deformation larger than that of the downstream ones. Survey data from high to low elevations of a valley section manifest a decreasing trend in the shrinkage deformation of valley width. The interior of the valley slope is in tension, and most of the reservoir plate undergoes subsidence. The results of multi-variate regression analysis and numerical calculations show that for the upstream sections, the calculated valley width deformation based on effective stress at the 800m stage are close to the measurements, and both are the same in spatial distribution patterns. It can be considered that the change in effective stress is the main factor affecting initial reservoir bank deformation.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 31-41 [Abstract] ( 149 ) PDF (3059 KB) ( 408 )

	42	Dry curing strength and microstructure of concrete of Baihetan dam
		GAN Yifan, LI Qingbin, HU Yu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220505
		The Baihetan dam was built of low-heat cement concrete. To understand its properties under the condition of dry curing, this study focuses on the development of its compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, and presents an analysis on the features of microscopic morphology and pore structure obtained using scanning electron microscope and mercury intrusion methods. Results show that under dry curing, 33.3% of the 28d compressive strength and 31.6% of the splitting tensile strength are lost relative to the standard curing. And dry curing leads to a smaller quantity of hydration products, a significant increase in concrete porosity and pore volume, a decrease in the total area of pores, and the dominance by macropores in a size range of 100 nm to 1000 nm. Thus, this study has verified that dry curing has an adverse effect on the development of microstructure and strength of low-heat cement dam concrete.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 42-49 [Abstract] ( 144 ) PDF (2052 KB) ( 438 )

	50	Influence of evaporation retardants on concrete interlayer performance of Baihetan dam
		YANG Guangjin, NIU Xujing, LI Qingbin, HU Yu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220506
		For dam construction quality control, it is of great significance to study the effect of water evaporation retardants on the interlayer performance of low-heat cement concrete under different environmental conditions. This paper examines the influence and mechanism of water evaporation retardants on concrete interlayer performance through experimental tests on the influence of water evaporation inhibitor on concrete penetration resistance, surface water content, and splitting tensile strength in the condition of complicated environment. The results show that at low wind speeds, water evaporation retardants can effectively slow down the decrease in water content in the concrete surface layer, and reduce penetration resistance; while at high wind speeds, retardant solution cannot stabilize its film formation, resulting in a poorer inhibitory effect on water evaporation from the concrete surface. At low wind speeds, water evaporation retardants spraying can also be used to improve the interlaminar splitting tensile strength of concrete to a certain extent, but it poses an adverse effect under high wind speeds, which may be related to the inability of retardant solution to form a stable film and the formation of laitance on the surface of the lower concrete layer. This paper presents a quantitative analysis on the effect of water evaporation retardants on the interlayer performance of concrete, thus helping improve its performance control.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 50-58 [Abstract] ( 115 ) PDF (2188 KB) ( 333 )

	59	Basic structure and characteristics of dam mechanism-data-driven fusion models
		MA Rui, YIN Tao, LI Haoxin, ZHANG Fengqiang, HU Yu, LI Qingbin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220507
		The fusion of mechanism and data is crucial to accurate and efficient assessment of the dam life cycle state and reservoir regulation. This paper discusses the major problems in dam construction and the development of fusion models, and suggests three types of structure for a mechanism-data-driven model－series, parallel and hybrid－along with a brief description of its basic characteristics and applicability. Then, the application and applicability are demonstrated in detail through an example of temperature field analysis for a concrete arch dam. Results show that this fusion model is more accurate and stronger in analysis, prediction and generalization of dam construction and operation, and it is applicable to complicated dynamical-evolving data. Compared with the traditional model, all the three model structures are advantageous. The mechanism-data-driven model provides a new perspective and paradigm for solving the problems of parameter inversion, monitoring and analysis, and strategy optimization in the stages of dam construction, operation and maintenance.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 59-74 [Abstract] ( 290 ) PDF (1647 KB) ( 1417 )

	75	Study and application of interlayer properties monitoring system for Baihetan extra-high arch dam
		LIU Weijia, TAN Yaosheng, LI Qingbin, LIU Chunfeng, NIU Xujing, HU Yu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220508
		Harsh environments pose an adverse effect on the interlayer bonding properties of extra-high arch dams. In this study, interlayer splitting tensile strength of dam concrete is tested experimentally at different temperatures, and a relationship between maturity and strength coefficient is established. And we develop a three-level nine-gradient early warning system for dam interlayer properties based on the relationship between maturity, strength coefficient and water content, taking maturity as the main factor and water content as a supplement. The results show that for the dam concrete tested, its interlayer mechanical performance degrades with a rise in temperature, and its maturity is linearly related to its strength coefficient and water content, with correlation coefficients of 0.9985 and 0.9964 respectively. And by using this early warning system based on the relationship between maturity and interlayer properties parameters, an effective control of dam interlayer bonding quality can be realized.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 75-83 [Abstract] ( 107 ) PDF (1702 KB) ( 404 )

	84	Hybrid model method for deformation prediction of Baihetan arch dam during initial impoundment
		WEI Yilun, HU Yu, WANG Yajun, TAN Yaosheng, LIU Chunfeng, PEI Lei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220509
		Accurate prediction of the dam deformation during initial impoundment and a reasonable water impounding scheme are of great significance to the safe transition of a new extra-high arch dam into normal operation. To overcome the difficulties in the prediction, this paper presents a hybrid model method for the predictions of a very high arch dam, and validates it against the monitoring data of initial impounding deformation of Baihetan dam. In this method, we consider a three-stage scheme for the initial impoundment of the dam and the size of monitoring data from its crown beam section required by this scheme. It adopts two models － a multiple regression model for the first stage, and an optimized LSTM model and this regression model for five measurement points of PLdb18-2 to PLdb18-6 and the dam crown point PLdb18-1 respectively in the middle and last stages. Predictions using this hybrid model and a single model are verified against the measurements, and it shows our hybrid model method is robust and more accurate with an error lower than 4%.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 84-92 [Abstract] ( 141 ) PDF (734 KB) ( 362 )

	93	Evaluation of segregation degree of hardening concrete using improved Mask R-CNN
		REN Bingyu, YE Zhengjun, WANG Dong, WU Binping, TAN Yaosheng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220510
		Accurate segmentation of aggregates in a drilling image of hydraulic concrete is very important for evaluating hardened concrete segregation, but traditional aggregate segmentation methods suffer drawbacks in low accuracy and weak generalization capability. This paper develops an improved Mask R-CNN model for segmenting hardened concrete aggregates by introducing an efficient channel attention module (ECAM) and a stage attention module (SAM) into the backbone Mask R-CNN network, so that its convolutional network can adaptively adjust the weights of the channel and space, significantly improving its capability of detecting the boundary and location distribution of target aggregate. And we work out a new method for the segregation degree of hardened concrete, realizing quantitative evaluation by quantifying the area and boundary of target aggregate and its distribution over different elevation. A case study shows that our aggregate segmentation model has an average accuracy of 0.875, or 4.2% higher than that of Mask R-CNN. In various complicated applications, its segmentation effect is better than that of traditional aggregate segmentation, and its errors of segregation degree is only 4.9% on average, verifying its effectiveness and superiority as a new tool for hardening concrete evaluation.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 93-102 [Abstract] ( 132 ) PDF (5371 KB) ( 301 )

	103	Comparison of test methods for elastic parameters of rock mass in Baihetan dam site
		SHAN Zhigang, ZHAO Liuyuan, NI Weida
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220511
		Elastic parameters of engineering rock masses are key indexes for calculation of rock mass quality classification, elastic resistance coefficient of surrounding rock, rock mass strength parameters, etc. In practice, pressure-bearing rigid plate test (PRPT) and acoustic wave test (AWT) are two major methods for testing elastic modulus, deformation modulus, and wave celerity of a rock mass. Due to the differences in test principles, test results obtained by applying various methods to different lithology or different directions may be quite scattered. This paper sorts out some of the test results of basalt rock mass elastic parameters obtained in the pre-feasibility and feasibility study stages of the Baihetan dam, the largest hydropower project under construction in the world － including a 156-point PRPT, a 665-borehole deformation test (200 rigid and 465 flexible), a 58-adit test of rock mass seismic wave, a 143-adit-borehole AWT (58 adits and 85 boreholes). By examining the correlation between measured elastic modulus, deformation modulus and wave celerity, we determine and suggest better test schemes and work out an empirical formula for the conversion of wave celerity into rock mass modulus. The PRPT results are poorly correlated to seismic wave tests, so the conversion of seismic wave celerity to rock mass elastic parameters is not recommended. The PRPT and borehole modulus are exponentially related to acoustic wave speed. We recommend the PRPT method as a basis for the static modulus tests of rock masses and AWT as a basis for the dynamic modulus tests. The results would enrich the basic data for hydropower construction and help its survey and design.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 103-114 [Abstract] ( 83 ) PDF (1784 KB) ( 363 )

	115	Study on innovation management of design enterprises in water resources and hydropower industry
		ZHANG Xuteng, SHEN Wenxin, TANG Wenzhe, KANG Yanling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20220512
		Innovation capability of design enterprises is critical for innovation and development in the water resources and hydropower industry. A conceptual model is developed to investigate the causal relationships among innovation management, innovation atmosphere, innovation capability, and enterprise performance; and it is tested against empirical evidences from questionnaire survey, expert interview, and a case study. The results demonstrate that innovation management of a design enterprise can directly improve its innovation capability and also have an indirect effect on it via innovation atmosphere. Both effects are of equal importance. It is also showed that the innovation related variables have positive impact on the performance of a design enterprise, further verifying the key role of innovation in performance improvement. In addition to revealing the theoretical mechanism of innovation capability and performance of design enterprises, this study suggests practical management strategies that can provide help and guidance for improving innovation capability.
		2022 Vol. 41 (5): 115-124 [Abstract] ( 111 ) PDF (441 KB) ( 389 )