Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2018 Vol. 37, No. 7 Published: 2018-07-25

	1	Optimization of hydropower reservoir operation considering river ecological protection
		FANG Guohua, DING Ziyu, HUANG Xianfeng, DAI Linghui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180701
		Ecological protection degree for a de-watered river channel is defined based on its minimum ecological flow and suitable ecological flow to reduce the adverse ecological impact of water conservancy projects on the river flows downstream of the reservoirs. A model of optimal ecological operation of reservoirs that maximizes ecological protection degree and power generation is developed and solved using an improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) algorithm. A case study of the Liujiaping hydropower reservoir demonstrates that the optimization of its ecological operation can protect the ecosystem of the de-watered channel downstream of it, and that the ecological protection degree decreases with the increase of benefit of its power generation. Compared with the scheme of best power generation benefits, our scheme raises ecological protection degree from 0.011 to 0.551 and decreases power generation by 20%. This would generally meet the minimum ecological flow requirements, recovering the flow process as close as possible to the acceptable ecological flow, and thus helpful to practical operation.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 195 ) PDF (426 KB) ( 355 )

	10	Probable maximum precipitation in the Yalu River basin above Yunfeng dam
		QIAO Jinghui, QU Hongjun, BIE Xiuling, GUO Haiyan, SUN Wanguang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180702
		This paper provides a method for merging precipitation observation data with satellite remote sensing data to supplement the precipitation contour map with the North Korea side of the Yalu River, a region lacking the meteorological and hydrological data, focusing on estimation of the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) in the basin above Yunfeng dam. An enlargement method and a transposition method are used separately to calculate this PMP. The three-day PMP estimated by the enlargement method is 256.5 mm, while its estimation by the transposition method is 203.2 mm. By detailed comparison, the former estimation is recommended by this study. This estimation is reasonable and reliable if it is compared with the historical precipitation data in this basin and previous studies on the PMP in China. The results would help estimate PMP for ungauged regions.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 10-19 [Abstract] ( 147 ) PDF (1942 KB) ( 376 )

	20	Measurement of particle sizes and settling velocities of fine sediment based on PTV
		ZHANG Lingyue, LI Wenjie, YANG Shengfa, XIAO Yi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180703
		The traditional measurements of the particle sizes and settling velocities of fine sediment need to be improved. This paper describes a method for the measurements adopting PTV technique. We conduct an experiment on the settling of non-flocculating fine particles, analyze the threshold for image binarization, and suggest that using a constant threshold replaces Otsu’s method. A set of particle matching parameters are selected by particle grade, image resolution, and sampling frequency, and the particle size and settling velocity are corrected using the Stokes formula to ensure a good accuracy of the measurements. In general, PTV is a feasible technique for measuring particle sizes and settling velocities of fine sediment, and this work lays a basis for further study.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 20-28 [Abstract] ( 240 ) PDF (720 KB) ( 348 )

	29	Principle of utilizing reservoir sediment as natural resource and its engineering approaches
		CHEN Yin,WANG Yangui, CHEN Kang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180704
		To explore how to utilize or reclaim reservoir sediment as a natural resource, we present a study of the silt deposit in reservoirs focusing on its spatial distributions and main characteristics, based on the previously measured forms of sediment accumulation in typical reservoirs and considering dispersion, adsorption, transportation, and other properties of reservoir sediment. Using the concept and attributes of natural resources, we demonstrate that the sediment accumulated in reservoirs is characterized by the same attributes as those of natural resources in terms of versatility, controllability, and short supply. Effective utilization of reservoir sediment is feasible and the urgency of doing it is emphasized in this paper. Reservoir sediment can be used as a kind of natural resources if certain technical and social conditions are satisfied. Combined with practical experiences, this paper suggests several engineering approaches to reservoir sediment utilization such as to be used for construction materials, land reclamation and improvement, and flood control and regulation.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 29-38 [Abstract] ( 108 ) PDF (461 KB) ( 427 )

	39	Fractal characteristics of turbulent flows in open channel
		XIA Wei, CHEN Hechun, WANG Jibao, WU Huan, SHEN Qiming, CHEN Yanchao, YANG Pan, SONG Jiquan, XIANG Chenguang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180705
		Turbulent motion exists widely in nature in a variety of open channel flows, and a good understanding of its velocity behaviors is practically of great significance helping solve the engineering problems related to sediment movement, pollutant diffusion in rivers, and fluctuating pressure in high-speed flows. This study conducts a flume experiment of the turbulent flows in an open channel using the ADV technique to measure turbulent velocities at the points of sampling lines, and adopts the wavelet theory to analyze the measurements and the characteristics of turbulence. Results show that fractal dimension and self-similarity feature the turbulent velocities measured and the energy spectrum on each band obtained through multi-scale wavelet packet decomposition, and that this fractal dimension is not a fixed value but varies in space with certain trends and volatility. When we consider the flow Reynolds number as a factor of the fractional dimension, the turbulence velocity signals of the same sampling point are discussed separately for each space direction. At low Reynolds numbers, the fractal dimensions depend mainly on the dissipation of small scale eddies.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 39-47 [Abstract] ( 219 ) PDF (1960 KB) ( 393 )

	48	Flows and distribution patterns of solid particles in sewage self-priming pump
		MOU Jiegang1, WANG Haoshuai, WU Denghao, REN Yun, SHI Zhengzan, JIAN Jie, ZHAO Lipan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180706
		A 65ZW30-40 sewage self-priming pump is numerically modeled to study its flows of solid particles and their distribution patterns focusing on the effect of different particle diameters. The solid-liquid two-phase flows in the pump are simulated using ANSYS Fluent together with a multi-phase flow model the Mixture and a RNG k-ε turbulent flow model. Results show that as the particle diameter increases, the lift head and efficiency of the pump decreases gradually and the decrease in pump performance is significant. Most solid particles are distributed near the trailing edge of the blade suction sides, the outer pump wall, and the back-flow hole inlet. Simulations also reveal that a larger back-flow hole can make the particle pattern closer to uniformly distributed, while a smaller hole results in more particles concentrated on its both sides, near the trailing edge, and over the intersection of impeller and volute. The size of back-flow hole has a crucial effect on its flow rate and thus the particle distribution pattern is sensitive to its variation. As it increases, the particles concentrated zone migrates toward the volute, and the particle volume fraction in the core of the back-flow hole decreases gradually.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 48-57 [Abstract] ( 181 ) PDF (1573 KB) ( 281 )

	58	Experimental study on basic properties of cutoff wall plastic concrete with cement kiln dust
		SONG Shuaiqi, CHEN Yingjie, HAN Yang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180707
		Based on the unconfined compressive strength test, direct shear test and permeability test, this work studies the basic performance of silt-bentonite-cement kiln dust plastic concrete, a new mixture obtained by replacing cement with cement kiln dust. Results indicate that the unconfined compressive strength is in the ranges of 2.82 - 12.81 MPa and 3.76 - 14.98 MPa at the ages of 14 and 28 days respectively, and that it decreases with the increase in silt content but the drop is not obvious. And it increases significantly with the content of bentonite or cement kiln dust. At 14 days and 28 days, the cohesion is 0.3 - 2.1 MPa and 0.2 - 2.1 MPa respectively and the internal friction angle 23.7° - 55.5° and 20° - 48.5° respectively. When the content of silt, bentonite, or cement kiln dust increases, the cohesion increases while the internal friction angle decreases. The permeability coefficient is 1.79×10-8 - 1.62×10-7 m/s and 1.01×10-8 - 1.54×10-7 m/s at 14 days and 28 days respectively, and it decreases with the content of silt, bentonite, or cement kiln dust. For this new mixture, a suitable content of silt, bentonite or cement kiln dust is thought to be 15%.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 58-64 [Abstract] ( 97 ) PDF (1005 KB) ( 286 )

	65	Sequential dam break simulation and risk analysis of earth-rock dams of cascade reservoirs
		HU Liangming, ZHANG Zhifei, LI Qian, GUO Xinlei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180708
		At present, cascade reservoir dams become increasingly important, but the research is still relatively inadequate at home and abroad. This study relates the upstream and downstream reservoirs using flood regulation and develops a numerical model for a sequential dam break of earth-rock dams based on the dam-break model DB-IWHR. In a case study of the Tangjiashan-Jia cascade reservoirs, simulation and risk analysis are made under the conditions of different discharge capacities and different early warnings for the downstream reservoir. Results show that for Tangjiashan reservoir, the calculated flow rates of its dam break floods are a little larger than the measured results but they agree quite well. In cascade reservoir cases, the risk of sequential dam breaks can be significant cut down through enhancing early warning for reducing reservoir storage in advance or increasing the discharge capacity of downstream reservoirs.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 65-73 [Abstract] ( 210 ) PDF (1698 KB) ( 513 )

	74	Review of analysis methods of cooling pipes embedded in mass concrete
		ZUO Zheng, HU Yu, LI Qingbin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180709
		Temperature field is of great importance to the safety and health of mass concrete in construction phase and embedding cooling pipes is the most commonly applied thermal control method. The analysis of temperature field within such mass concrete is a key part of the design. This paper presents a review of the history and state-of-the-art and a future prospect of the methods. First, the application history is reviewed in brief. Then, we discuss the major methods and their pros and cons, such as the analytical solution method, pseudo-3D method, FEM with refined meshes, equivalent effect method, sub-structure method, and CEM. Finally, future trends are discussed on theoretical and practical needs and development.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 74-90 [Abstract] ( 155 ) PDF (2737 KB) ( 333 )

	91	Analysis on self-similarity characteristics of energy distribution associated with rock burst disasters
		YU Yang, XU Qian, ZHU Chen, DIAO Xinhong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180710
		This paper describes a fractal calculation method for examining the self-similarity of energy distribution of the micro-seismic events produced by rock bursts in drill-and-blast method (DBM) excavation and tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation, using micro-seismic data collected during the construction of the deep tunnels with an overburden layer of 1500-2500 m at the Jinping-II hydropower station in Sichuan, China. Results show that fractal behaviors and good self-similarity are two major features of the micro-seismic energy distributions in the evolution of immediate rock bursts. The energy fractal dimensions of the DBM and TBM excavation rock bursts are less than 0.2 and greater than 0.3 respectively. Generally, weak rock bursts have lower energy fractal dimensions. Micro-seismic energy fractal dimensions are useful for developing a warning system and reducing the risk of rock bursts during construction.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 91-97 [Abstract] ( 132 ) PDF (838 KB) ( 439 )

	98	Investigation on management of hydro-projects in Czech Republic and comparison with China
		JIA Jinsheng, WANG Sha, ZHENG Cuiying, ZHAO Chun, LIU Zhongwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180711
		The Czech Republic is a European country. Management and development of its water dams and hydropower, especially the dams on shared rivers, is very important for us to do a comparative study. Based on the papers of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) Annual Meeting, Czech, 2017, this paper reviews the history and present situation of hydropower development in this country, focusing on a comparison of development level, dam type, dam safety management, and shared river management between Czech and China. We come to the conclusions: (1) The hydropower development level in China is suitable for the social-economic development. (2) The proportion of earth and rockfill dams in China is too high. (3) In dam safety management, much more attention should be paid to the safety and protection of the residents downstream of the dams. (4) In the management of shared rivers, water volume discharged from a dam could be less than 60% of the river runoff. Helpful suggestions are made for the management of Chinese dams and shared rivers.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 98-105 [Abstract] ( 148 ) PDF (989 KB) ( 350 )

	106	Competition of spatial conflict strength during cross operation of dam construction
		CHEN Shu, SHEN Haobo, ZHENG Xiazhong, JIN Liangha
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180712
		In dam construction, the competition of conflicts in cross operation space is a major root of construction accidents. To study such competition, first we analyze the characteristics of cross operation of dam construction, describe the paths from spatial conflicts to accidents, decompose the processes of concrete transport, spreading and vibration, and identify the cross operation cases featured with spatial conflicts. Then, the influence space of hazardous installation process and the workspace of a hazardous body process are defined by using the paths of damaging energy flows and the characteristics of the hazardous body process respectively in combination with geometrical properties of hazardous bodies like a human, machine or facility. Finally, we determine the competition of cross operation spatial conflict strength by calculating the probability of the overlapping area covered by different damaging energies and the probability of the hazardous bodies coming into this area. The results show that the strongest competition occurs during the vertical transport of the cable crane and it could be lowered by reducing the vertical distance between the cable crane and construction storehouse surface.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 106-112 [Abstract] ( 171 ) PDF (350 KB) ( 271 )

	113	Blind separation of multi-source vibration signals in hydropower houses
		WANG Haijun, YANG Jisong, GUO Feifei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180713
		There exist various vibration sources in a hydropower house, and how to accurately identify them is crucial to assessing the dynamic safety of the house. In this paper, we describe a method for blind separation of the vibration sources in a large scale underground hydropower house that combines the techniques of filtering denoising, estimating the number of vibration sources, and the joint approximate diagonalization of eigen-matrix (JADE). First, a filtering denoising method is used to de-noise all the multi-dimensional signals observed. Then, the correlation matrix of the signals is solved, and the number of vibration sources is estimated using the dominant eigenvalue and Bayesian information criterion . Finally, the signals are pre-whitened, and separated using a JADE method. This blind separation method is verified through analog signal processing. When applied to the vibration signals in a hydropower house, it accurately separates vortex belt, unit rotation, and volute flow uniformity. Thus it is an effective method for exploring the characteristics of vibration sources in hydropower houses.
		2018 Vol. 37 (7): 113-120 [Abstract] ( 98 ) PDF (797 KB) ( 236 )