Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2018 Vol. 37, No. 4 Published: 2018-04-25

	1	Study and application of BIM-EPC collaboration platform in hydropower construction projects
		ZHANG Sherong, PAN Fei, WU Yue, FANG Xin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180401
		With the increasing adoption of the EPC mode in hydropower engineering, a general contractor is necessary to make an overall arrangement and comprehensive control of the progress, quality and cost, to coordinate the relationship between parties, thereby ensuring orderly convergence and reasonable crossing of every step and improving the level of project management. This paper presents a new methodology for collaborative management of EPC projects using the technology of building information modeling (BIM). We construct a collaborative work model based on analysis of collaboration elements in hydropower EPC (hydroEPC) projects. Then, we describe its overall architecture and functional design on a BIM-based collaboration platform along with an elaboration of the platform requirements, and explain in detail the procedure of association and coordination of BIM and EPC on the platform. Finally, a prototype system is developed using the network programming language to enhance information sharing for collaborative management in a hydroEPC project. Application in a case study demonstrates that this system is effective and simple for collaborative management in hydroEPC projects.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 311 ) PDF (4680 KB) ( 508 )

	12	Review on performance evaluation of structural reinforcement of gravity dams
		SU Huaizhi, LI Jinyou
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180402
		Totally 98,000 reservoir dams of various types have been built in China, forming a solid foundation of the security system for flood control, water supply, grain production, power generation, and ecological protection. However, nearly 40% of these dams were dangerous at the beginning of this century, when dam construction was restricted and influenced by various factors, such as the national strength and conditions and the level of science and technology. Besides, quite a few projects are suffering from aging and deterioration in varying degrees and thus posing a grave threat to the service of the reservoirs and dams and even to their safety. To improve the safety of dangerous reservoirs and dams comprehensively, a large-scale reinforcement construction has been carried out in China. Meanwhile, reinforcement of reservoirs and dams will be a normal work as a large number of projects become aged. This paper reviews the gravity dams along with the existing danger-removal and control measures, and discusses the state of art in typical engineering measures and performance evaluation on them, focusing on four aspects: seepage safety and performance evaluation of the danger-removal and control measures, crack safety and performance evaluation of the danger control-removal measures, structure stability and performance evaluation of the stabilizing measures, and dam service reliability and evaluation of danger control and reinforcement. This study recommends that in future, an intensive research should be focused on six directions: a joint use of various danger-removal and control measures, combination of deterministic and nondeterministic methods for evaluation of seepage control performance, the mechanism of crack suppression and bearing capacity enhancement, changes in the energy of a gravity dam system caused by stability strengthening, analysis of gravity dam service reliability, and comprehensive contribution by danger-removal and reinforcement, so as to develop and perfect a system of major engineering measures for gravity dams and evaluation of their performance.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 12-25 [Abstract] ( 155 ) PDF (418 KB) ( 448 )

	26	Behaviors of crack propagation in concrete using electronic speckle pattern interferometry
		WANG Qingyuan, CHEN Hongniao, YUAN Bo, HUANG Xingzheng, ZHAO Yanbing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180403
		Fracture behaviors of concrete materials exhibit certain nonlinearity due to the existence of a fracture process zone (FPZ) and they play a crucial role in determining the bearing capacity and durability of hydraulic structures. To study the nonlinear fracture behaviors, we conduct three-point bending tests on pre-notched concrete beams and measure their full-field displacements using an electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). Variations in crack evolution are examined through analysis on the relationships of crack opening displacement (COD) versus crack length a at 15 loading levels. And new formulas are derived for the COD-a relationships based on ESPI measurements to replace the existing formula that is based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LFEM) and inapplicable near a crack tip.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 26-35 [Abstract] ( 113 ) PDF (1047 KB) ( 316 )

	36	Analysis on water balance of river-groundwater system using coupling models. Case study of lower Lihe River in Haihe basin
		GAO Xueping, WANG Zhe, SUN Bowen, LI Zhen, ZHANG Tongyu, FENG Yu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180404
		This study develops a semi-loose coupling hydrodynamic model integrating the HEC-RAS model and MODFLOW model for quantitative analysis of the water balance in a river-groundwater system, and applies it in a case study of the surrounding area of the lower Lihe River impacted by the mainstream water level. This coupling model adopts two transfer variables: the range of variations in river water level and the volume exchange between river water and groundwater, and reduces flow residual of the system by adjusting its water balance using the Picard iteration, so that bidirectional parameter transmission between the two models and two-way coupling are successfully achieved. Application of the model to calculations of the water balance in the case study reveals that before the water level elevation, most of the water supply in the study area came from rainfall infiltration recharge while the main water discharge was phreatic evaporation. The uplift in water level increased seepage recharge and reduced groundwater discharge, but it produced no impact on the recharge-discharge relation between river and groundwater. Thus, this relation is still dominated by the groundwater discharge to the river, exactly the same as in the previous condition.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 36-48 [Abstract] ( 173 ) PDF (2765 KB) ( 487 )

	49	Experimental study on turbulent intensity of near-bed flows in rivers affected by deposit
		ZHOU Juexi, ZHANG Jing, HE Anxia
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180405
		In this laboratory flume experiment, an acoustic Doppler flow meter ADV is used to measure flow velocity in a generalized channel that is affected by a sediment deposit body, and the measured data along with a formula for calculation of dimensionless turbulent intensity are used to analyze the influence of flow rate, river narrowing rate, and deposit lateral slope on the distribution of near-bed turbulent intensity. Results show that under the effect of narrowing and sudden expansion of the flow around the deposit body, a hydraulic jump occurs in a downstream section of relative distance 0.0-1.5 (ratio of distance over channel width) from the centerplane of the deposit, characterized by large fluctuations in turbulent intensity and a region of strong turbulences that are strengthened by the deposit blocking effect. In relative distance of 1.5-4.5, further expansion of the flow reduces turbulent intensity at a rate that increases with the blocking effect. And this reduction takes a lower rate near the left wall than that near the right wall due to the affect of a wake zone at the right side. In relative distance of 4.5-6.5, the mean flow is gradually recover to a steady state but with its turbulent level higher than that of the inflow in the relative distance of -4.5-0.0. This experiment reveals the inherent mechanism of turbulences developing in rivers and the influence of the deposit, shedding light on the flow and sediment transport around a deposit body and the related scour and sedimentation process and bed evolution. It also provides measured data for verification of the numerical simulations of turbulent characteristics of the flows in mountain rivers.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 49-59 [Abstract] ( 144 ) PDF (632 KB) ( 274 )

	60	Sedimentation in Xiangxi River estuary since impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir
		YANG Xia, LI Jianhua, ZHU Lingling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180406
		There are approximately 66 tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area, and obvious sediment deposition has been observed in most of the tributary estuaries since the impoundment of TGR. Sedimentation leads to formation of entrance bars at the estuaries, bringing a possible adverse effect to the storage capacity of TGR and the navigation in the tributaries. This paper analyzes the sedimentation in river mouth regions and its main causes, focusing on the case of the Xiangxi River tributary. The results show that in the period of 2006 to 2011, the silted sediment in a 6.6 km long reach of this tributary mouth amounted to a volume of 241?104 m3, revealing a sedimentation rate larger than that of the Yangtze mainstream nearby. And from the initial TGR impoundment in 2003 to 2015, the thalweg was significantly elevated by 7 m on average over this reach and 12 m at maximum at the mouth. Most of the sediment silted in the Xiangxi mouth came from the section of Yangtze mainstream affected by the TGR backwater. The sedimentation rate will alleviate as the sediment from the upper Yangtze or Xiangxi shows a decreasing trend.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 60-67 [Abstract] ( 187 ) PDF (1201 KB) ( 445 )

	68	Numerical simulations of Yellow River estuary evolution in different governance modes
		MA Rui, HAN Kaiyu, ZHANG Hongwu, ZHONG Deyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180407
		The Yellow River estuary refers to the section below Lijin, characterized by weak tides, less tributary water, high sediment load, and rapid floodplain extension, where sediment inflow plays a leading role in the evolution of its specific flow paths. Based on previous studies, this paper considers the joint effect of land and coastal deposits as a necessary factor in determination of the increase in river length, and develops a relationship of cumulative sediment deposition versus sediment transport at Lijin using the estuary filed measurements from 1958 to 2000. Coupled simulations of the river’s lower reaches and estuary section are carried out using a quasi two-dimensional flow and sediment transport numerical model, including calculations of the erosion and deposition of sediment and the river length of the estuary under three design flow-sediment conditions ? annual sediment inflows of 300, 600 and 800 million tons. And two river training modes, the current management mode and the “two defensive lines” mode, are compared. Results show that in either of these two modes, the estuary will take a cumulative deposition trend over the next 50 years. In the same flow and sediment conditions, more sediment will be deposited in the “two defensive lines” mode, by 2.10?108 t, 3.48?108 t and 4.20?108 t in the three design conditions respectively. And this mode will result in an extra river length increases of 1.27 km, 2.07 km and 2.49 km respectively.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 68-78 [Abstract] ( 121 ) PDF (932 KB) ( 267 )

	79	Temporal and spatial characteristics of water temperature in Xiluodu Reservoir
		LONG Lianghong, XU Hui, BAO Zhengfeng, JI Daobin, LIU Defu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180408
		Water temperature is an important factor in water environment assessment, and impoundment of a dam usually poses a significant impact on the water temperature in the reservoir and its outflows. This study develops a two-dimensional CE-QUAL-W2 temperature model and analyzes the characteristics of water temperature based on the field data observed at the Xiluodu Reservoir, focusing on evaluating the variations in its outflow temperature in terms of baseline deviation index, phase shift index, and extreme value amplitude index. Results show that the vertical thermal profiles measured in-situ are different from previous predictions. The surface epilimnion varies seasonally from 50 m to 100 m in water depth and from 15℃ to 23℃ in water temperature, sensitive to the water temperature and flow rate of reservoir inflow, and in the surface layer no obvious temperature gradient is observed. Stratification in water temperature varies seasonally from March to October. Typically, thermocline moves downward from the initial elevation of 520m to 430m and its thickness correspondingly decreases from 20 m to 10 m. This downward movement is faster when water is discharged through the deep tunnel spillway in flood season, while gradual when the water temperature of surface layer is maintained at 14℃-15℃. After the impoundment of Xiluodu, the temporal process of discharged temperature delays up to 36 days, and its peak value is 2℃ higher and lowest value 1℃ lower than that of the natural river. This study concludes that the prominent impact of the Xiluodu reservoir on the temperature dynamics of its outflows is temperature lagging and temperature homogenization.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 79-89 [Abstract] ( 223 ) PDF (2403 KB) ( 524 )

	90	River pattern discriminating method based on resistance parameters and activity indicators
		XIN Weiyan, XU Haijue, BAI Yuchuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180409
		An alluvial river is subjected to bed resistance against its water flow and tends to reach a relative equilibrium state in different river patterns since the parameters of its channel cross-section morphology and plane form are changing as a result of adapting to the varied flow and sediment conditions. Two main factors determine the channel pattern of a river: the flow’s driving force and the river’s activity, and the thrust and resistance of river flow represent the forces of action and reaction respectively. This paper adopts a riverbed activity indicator and a bank activity indicator for channel patterns and considers the flow resistance law to construct river patterns discriminating curves. Also, the effect of riparian vegetation on riverbank strength is taken into account in the construction of the curves. These indicators are proved effective in deciding different river patterns by using selected datasets from laboratory tests and natural rivers.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 90-100 [Abstract] ( 122 ) PDF (3272 KB) ( 277 )

	101	Cross vortex baffles for rectification of flows in intake field of a large-scale pumping station
		XU Xiaoai, WANG Fujun, ZI Dan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180410
		This paper reports an investigation on the effect of cross-shaped vortex baffles in rectifying the flows in the forebay and intake pipes at a large-scale pumping station using CFD simulations. Results show that without anti-vortice devices, large-scale circulations and vortices are observed in the forebay, and that zones of high velocity and high vorticity exist around the pump inlets, leading to adverse flow patterns. But dramatic changes occur in flow uniformity in the forebay and at the bell mouth inlets and pump inlets when cross vortex baffles are installed. Three depth-width ratios of 6:8, 6:15 and 6:24 of the baffles are examined and compared, and it is found that the ratio of 6:15 is the best in terms of flow uniformity and high-velocity zone suppressing. This anti-vortice scheme can remarkably reduce vorticity from the typical no-baffle value of 0.508 to 0.101 at the pipe centerplanes and from 0.495 to 0.098 at the bell mouth inlets. Also, it can increase the uniformity of axial velocity by 4.1% at the bell mouth inlets and 3.2% at the pump inlets. Thus, the cross-shaped vortex baffle is a useful device for rectification of the flows in the intake field of the large-scale pump station.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 101-110 [Abstract] ( 165 ) PDF (1554 KB) ( 474 )

	111	Analysis and improvement of roller vibration behavior-based indexes for monitoring compaction quality of earth-rock dams
		LIU Donghai, GAO Lei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20180411
		This study conducts rolling compaction tests of earth-rock dam material and examines roller vibration behaviors ? acceleration in time and frequency domains, and obtains the law of the amplitude and distortion degree of the roller acceleration varying with compaction degree and roller vibration frequency. On this basis, we find the disadvantages of the existing indexes for characterizing compaction quality, including ground reaction force index (Fs) and compaction value (CV) which are based on acceleration time and frequency domain analysis respectively. An improved ground reaction force index for consideration of lag phase angle and a compaction monitor index for the combined effect of roller vibration frequency and acceleration harmonics are then put forward in this paper. Application in case studies shows that these two improved indexes for compaction monitoring are better in correlation with rolling passes and material compactness, helping reduce the errors in characterization of the compactness of earth-rock dam materials. Thus the improved indexes would provide a new way of real-time monitoring on earth-rock dam construction quality.
		2018 Vol. 37 (4): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 163 ) PDF (2977 KB) ( 479 )