Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 12 Published: 2017-12-25

	1	Ideal mean rate method and its application to multi-objective reservoir operation decision making
		JI Changming, ZHANG Pei, SU Yangyue, ZHANG Yanke, PENG Yang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171201
		The equilibrium solution of a non-inferior solution set for a multi-objective decision-making model is not unique when the set is non-convex. To solve this problem, this study develops an ideal mean rate method (IMRM) combining a technique of order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS), and the mean rate method (MRM). The existence and uniqueness of the optimal equilibrium solution of IMRM are proved. We analyze and compare the solutions of MRM, TOPSIS and IMRM to the multi-objective scheduling decision problem in the Jinguan power group at the Yalong River. Results show that IMRM can not only achieve the best solution that satisfies the multi-objective scheduling, but offer a qualitative and quantitative description of the relationship among the objectives of flood control, power generation, and ecological protection. The theory of IMRM is proved to be complete, and it is more likely to be accepted by decision makers.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 115 ) PDF (720 KB) ( 503 )

	10	Simulations of rainstorm waterlogging processes around Lianghua bridge in Beijing
		REN Meifang, XU Zongxue, HUANG Ziqian, WEI Baoyi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171202
		With development of urban transportation industry, traffic jams have been significantly alleviated through construction of urban interchange bridges. Unfortunately, around an undercrossing overpass, relatively low areas are shaped due to the elevation of its roadway lower than those of the surrounding ground, and during a rainstorm waterlogging often occurs and may pose a grave threat to the publics and traffics. Simulations and analysis of the waterlogging depth and velocity in this case are crucially significant to reduce flood disaster and traffic emergency. This paper presents MIKE21 Flow Model simulations of waterlogging depth and velocity for the rainstorm events of different precipitation frequencies over the Lianghua bridge area. Analysis of the rainstorm on July 21st, 2012 shows that the calculated waterlogging depths agree with the in-situ observation. In this study, a modeling technique is developed for simulating waterlogging conditions in relatively small city areas, aimed at providing a technical support to waterlogging simulations for the areas lacking data of good accuracy.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 10-18 [Abstract] ( 170 ) PDF (1628 KB) ( 542 )

	19	Multi-objective reservoir operation model and algorithm
		AI Xueshan, DONG Zuo, MO Mingzhu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171203
		Multi-objective optimal reservoir operation modeling is an effective method to deal with the problem faced by reservoir decision makers ? how to coordinate the benefits among power generation, irrigation and eco-environment of the reservoir. This study develops a multi-objective model for reservoirs that are operated with conflicting objectives of maximizing energy production and the water demand satisfaction rates for irrigation and ecological flow, taking into account the reliability of power generation. To solve the model, we present a new multi-objective optimization method of variable penalty coefficient (VPC). And a well-distributed Pareto frontier of multi-objective non-inferior solutions is obtained by screening from the feasible solutions. Comparison with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) shows that this VPC algorithm performs better in seeking non-inferior solutions. Application in a case study shows that the algorithm and multi-objective model are satisfactory in adaptability and applicability to reservoir operation decision.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 19-27 [Abstract] ( 194 ) PDF (1710 KB) ( 540 )

	28	Characteristics of meteorological drought in Jing-Jin-Ji area and cause analysis
		ZHANG Liyan, YANG Dong, MA Lu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171204
		Jing-Jin-Ji or Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, located in the north of North China Plain, is one of the most arid regions in the North China Plain. In this study, annual and seasonal values of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) are calculated using meteorological data at 16 gauge stations over this area to analyze the coverage rate and occurrence frequency of drought. We demonstrate the spatial and temporal evolution of drought and its relationship with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the area in recent 34 years. The results show that in this period, the SPEI values of this area was decreased gradually at a speed of -0.065/10a, and that except for winter season, its drought coverage rates in different time scales showed different increasing rates. And decadal variability in the spatial distribution over Jing-Jin-Ji area was prominent. In the 1980s, its drought coverage rate and occurrence frequency of drought grew in its northwest part; in the 1990s, the growth concentrated on its middle and northeast parts; but in the 2000s, the whole area showed tremendous variations. These drought events are closely related with the ENSO.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 28-38 [Abstract] ( 182 ) PDF (1487 KB) ( 322 )

	39	Deposition pattern and morphological process at hyperconcentrated flow confluences in upper Yellow River
		ZHANG Yuanfeng, WANG Ping
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171205
		At the river confluences of the upper Yellow River, flows carrying hyperconcentrated sediment merge together, and in flood season the merging usually causes severe deposition and dramatic change in bed morphology. In this study, we investigate the morphological process at hyperconcentrated confluences through laboratory experiment, field observation, and theoretical analysis, and develop a new method for predicting sediment deposition at the confluences. Results show that four basic elements of the morphological pattern can be identified: sandbars in the backwater zone, sandbars in the flow separation zone, a mainstream channel for water and sediment transport, and bars downstream of the separation zone. Because of turbulent diffusion, sediment particles carried by the hyperconcentrated flows enter the backwater zone upstream of the junction, and then form sandbar deposition with a volume proportional to the sediment load. We construct a model for calculation of the sediment deposition at river confluences and reveal its main factors: sediment load and discharge ratio of the incoming flows, water discharge of the main stem, and adaption coefficient of the incoming suspended loads. This model is applicable to prediction of the deposition at asymmetrical river confluences. Scour on the sandbars caused by heperconcentrated tributary flows depends on the discharge and duration of main stem floods. For the confluences on the upper Yellow River, the most efficient flow discharge and duration for flushing the sandbars are about 2000 m3/s and 10 days respectively.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 39-48 [Abstract] ( 100 ) PDF (752 KB) ( 290 )

	49	Impacts of stormwater concentrated infiltration in rainwater gardens on groundwater level and quality
		GUO Chao, LI Jiake, LI Huaien, ZHANG Bei, MA Menghua, ZHAO Ruisong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171206
		To explore the impacts of stormwater concentrated infiltration in a rainwater garden on groundwater level and quality, the water level in three wells (a control well J1 and two monitor wells J2 and J3) was monitored separately 1 day, 3 days, 5 days and 7 days before and after every rainfall event from May through October, 2016, and groundwater samples were collected to determine the contents of COD, NH4+-N, NO3-N, TN, and TP. Results show that the variation in water level from large to small was J2, J3 and J1 and the stormwater infiltration recharge to groundwater was hysteric with an overall delay of roughly 3-5 days. In J2 and J3, all these contents were increased after a rainfall then rapidly declined, and the contents of COD, N and P in flood season (July and August) were increased slightly, gradually decreased at the end of the flood season, and finally tended to be stable. The results indicate that concentrated infiltration in rainwater gardens is beneficial to groundwater recharge and has no obvious negative impact on groundwater quality.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 49-60 [Abstract] ( 146 ) PDF (937 KB) ( 304 )

	61	Dynamic analysis models for radial gates based on eigen-sensitivity optimization
		WU Siyuan, WANG Zhengzhong, XU,LIU Jiliang, WU Shoujun, ZHANG Xuecai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171207
		In design of a radial gate, conventional finite element (FE) simulations often have errors, relative to field measurements, that lower the accuracy in analysis on its dynamic behaviors and vibration reduction control. To address the problem, this paper presents a rapid method for building a dynamic analysis model of a radial gate, using MATLAB-MSC. Patran/Nastran combined simulations with eigen-sensitivity based optimization. The main idea is to extract the lumped mass matrix from the traditional static FE model and to derive the corresponding dynamic FE model under the constraints of geometric and dynamic characteristics of the gate by performing mass redistribution through a combined application call. We adopt a perturbation method to construct a target model for the main frame of the gate, and demonstrate the validity of this method by applying iterative approximation based on an eigen-sensitivity optimization approach. Furthermore, a comparison with the existing parametric optimization methods shows that our method can generate more accurate FE models of dynamic analysis while guaranteeing minimum variation. Using this approach, a FE dynamic model is constructed for a full hydroelastic radial gate according to its measured data, and calculations show that accurate modeling can be achieved with fewer iterative steps.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 61-68 [Abstract] ( 116 ) PDF (698 KB) ( 371 )

	69	Static behaviors of sea-crossing shield tunnel lining under high hydraulic pressure
		YANG Xiaoping, ZHAO Rui, YAN Zhenrui, LIU Tingjin, TANG Xinwei, HUANG Honghao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171208
		The design of Zhanjiang Bay Tunnel, a representative sea-crossing shield tunnel in China, is faced with several challenges including high hydraulic pressure, long distance, and durability of its segmented lining in submarine environment. This paper describes optimal designs of the lining structure of this tunnel. During its construction period, the deformation and stress response in the circumferential rebars and the tunnel segments were monitored in-situ to observe the mechanical behaviors of its lining structure under high water pressure. A detailed three-dimensional finite element modeling is developed to investigate the static behaviors of the entire segmented ring in different conditions of external water pressure and lateral coefficient of earth pressure. The results show that: (1) the stress development of reinforcement in the segmented ring can be divided into four stages and the most significant fluctuations in the rebar stress occur in the initial stage following the completion of segment assembling. (2) Both the measurements and simulations indicate that this ring structure is in a state of overall compression under high external water pressure. (3) A linear relationship between its transverse deformation and external water pressure is observed and it is greatly influenced by the lateral coefficient of earth pressure. With water pressure increasing, the deformation pattern is transformed from horizontal oval to overall inward compression. (4) In stiff strata, an increase in water pressure mitigates the tendency toward horizontal oval, while in soft strata, it aggravates overall compression of the segmented ring.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 69-77 [Abstract] ( 103 ) PDF (963 KB) ( 255 )

	78	Analysis of settlement deformation in high core rock-fill dams considering real-time construction quality factors
		WANG Fei, REN Bingyu, TONG Dawei, YAN Yuling, ZHONG Denghua
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171209
		Previous studies usually divide a statistical analysis model of the settlement in high core rock-fill dams into filling factors, aging factors, and water pressure factors, taking a dam block as a homogeneous body. Such a simplification ignores the influence of nonuniformity in settlement deformation caused by the differences in construction quality. This study develops a settlement deformation analysis model for the dams of this type to take into account the real-time construction quality factors together with the factors of filling, aging and water pressure, based on an analysis of stress and deformation in the filling body. This multi-parameter nonlinear model is combined with a M5’ model tree in simulation of the dynamics of settlement deformation. It combines the advantage of such a tree in solving global nonlinear problems and the fast convergence of a particle swarm optimization algorithm in solving multi-parameter problems, and thus it is able to fit and predict the settlement process. We compare it with a traditional analysis model excluding construction quality factors and a multiple linear regression analysis model. Results show that this new model is the best in terms of absolute errors and square sum errors in calculation of the settlement deformation and comprehensive index but its correlation degree remains as low as those of the other two models. This study suggests that modeling the real-time construction quality factors provides more reliable and objective analysis on the settlement deformation of high core rock-fill dams.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 78-86 [Abstract] ( 95 ) PDF (648 KB) ( 323 )

	87	Determination of high arch dam heel stress: A comparison between monitoring and calculating methods
		ZHOU Jianping, DU Xiaokai, ZHANG Libing, ZHOU Qiujing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171210
		The stress state at high arch dam heel is an important index for evaluating dam safety, but its variation and influencing factors are complicated due to its statically indeterminate structure, concrete placement during dam construction, changes in water level during reservoir operation, and changes in the internal and external temperature of the dam. To determine the dam heel stress, in-situ monitoring and numerical analysis are two main methods, but they often produce significantly different results. This paper discusses the difference between these two methods in dam heel stress evaluation. For in-situ monitoring, through the analysis of the working principle of the compressive stress meter and strain gauge, we suggest the evaluation of effective stress at dam heel, and an improvement on the arrangement of osmometers, compressive stress meters and strain gauges. For numerical analysis, we examine the relationship of dam heel equivalent stress versus mesh size along dam thickness, and give suggestions for effective mesh partition in calculation of dam heel stress. Results show that although both methods have their own influencing factors, the improved monitoring method combined with the numerical calculation of high accuracy can give a satisfactory evaluation of dam heel stress.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 87-94 [Abstract] ( 173 ) PDF (697 KB) ( 318 )

	95	Inversion methods of mass concrete thermal parameters considering measuring point sensitivity
		WANG Fang, ZHOU Yihong, ZHAO Chunju, ZHOU Huawei, WANG Feng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171211
		This paper describes a new method for determination of the mass concrete measuring points for inversion calculation of thermal parameters using the principle of the highest sensitivity to solve the problem that the inversion accuracy of thermal parameters depends on the selected locations of measuring points and the stability of optimization algorithm. This method uses a heat-fluid coupling algorithm to simulate the temperature field in an under construction concrete mass and a sensitivity analysis of the on-site observed temperature to determine the most sensitive points. It includes a new technique of gradually narrowing the search space and an inversion algorithm that improves the efficiency and stability of the genetic algorithm. Results show that the method can improve the efficiency, accuracy and stability of inversion calculations.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 95-104 [Abstract] ( 85 ) PDF (497 KB) ( 349 )

	105	Mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal power generation test field
		LI Daming, ZHANG Hongqiang, BU Shilong, LI Yanqing, TANG Xingchen, ZHEN Zhu, CHEN Shuo
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171212
		Three- and two-dimensional models are used in combination to simulate and analyze the influence of tidal turbines on the hydrodynamic conditions in the near-field and far-field, and applied in a case study of the Putuo-Hulu islands tidal energy test field. We present a method for generalization of tidal turbines that, based on the energy equation, calculates resistance loss in the flow passage to determine the equivalent roughness of the turbines, construct a three-dimensional model of the turbines’ near-field flow in the frame of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and simulate and analyze the velocity distributions in seven conditions of different combinations of turbine rotating speed and inflow velocity. A two-dimensional tidal model is developed on the finite element method (FEM) solving the shallow water equations, and the influence of turbine operation is simulated using larger roughness at the grid nodes occupied by the turbines. Results show that the size of affected zone depends on the tidal flow velocity and the terrain near the berth, and that the further away from the turbines, the less incidence from the turbines into the flow field. In the far-field, the influence is not significant and the flow velocity varies in the range of 2% - 8% relative to the velocity before the turbines.
		2017 Vol. 36 (12): 105-120 [Abstract] ( 553 ) PDF (5661 KB) ( 411 )