Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 11 Published: 2017-11-25

	1	Advances in water filling transients in large pipeline transfer systems
		WANG Fujun, WANG Ling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171101
		Water filling process is the first step after the completion of construction, or maintenance, of a large pipeline water transfer system, and in this process hydraulic transients have a direct impact on the safe operation of the system. Previous studies of water filling transients mainly focused on the transfer facilities such as open channels, tunnels and inverted siphons, but water filling studies on long pressurized pipeline transfer systems were relatively lacking. This paper discusses numerical models of the water filling transients in a pipeline system, and analyzes calculation methods of the water column separation and rejoining during the filling process. A review on the- state-of-art of numerical models and solution algorithms for simulating air valve operation to protect against water hammer during the filling process has been undertaken, and the direction of future studies on of the water filling transients in pipeline systems is suggested.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 1-12 [Abstract] ( 185 ) PDF (760 KB) ( 656 )

	13	Development of flow rate-hydro turbine efficiency testers based on LabWindows CVI
		LIU Dong, XIAO Zhihuai, CHEN Guangda, WANG Bangxu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171102
		Operation efficiency is a key design parameter of hydro turbine units, but it cannot be directly measured and has to be calculated through the measurement of flow rate and other related parameters. Therefore, precise measurement of flow rate is crucial to improvement on its calculation accuracy. In this work, we have developed an efficiency tester of hydro turbine units working in various loading conditions, using the current meter method and a LabWindows CVI platform. The testing is consistent with the related test procedure and can meet the practical needs of turbine unit tests. Application of the tester in power plants validated its feasibility and accuracy. The results indicate that the measurements of flow rate agree well with its real values, and that this new tester can save a large amount of calculation and thus is worth wide application.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 13-22 [Abstract] ( 204 ) PDF (1628 KB) ( 358 )

	23	Dynamic analysis on misalignment and rub-impact faults of tubular turbines under time-varying nonlinear oil film forces
		DANG Jian, JIA Rong, WU Hua, DONG Kaisong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171103
		Rub-impact between the oil pipe and floating tile of a tubular turbine under excitation by multi-fault source coupling could cause the aggravation of its vibrations and oil leakage that reduce its operating safety considerably. Considering the time-varying nonlinear oil film forces, this study develops a coupling dynamic model for a tubular turbine system with misalignment and rub-impact, and examines their effects on the dynamic behaviors of the system under interaction with the oil impurities and radial stiffness of the oil receiver. Results show that the system undergoes diverse nonlinear motions such as periodic motions and quasi-periods corresponding to different magnitudes of misalignment, featured with a vibration spectrum dominated by various low frequencies and large amplitudes. And working oil impurity induces the occurrence of rub-impact; the harmonic components become more complicated under the coupling effect and mutual excitation of misalignment, rub-impact and oil film forces. Moreover, reduction in the radial stiffness of oil supply may lead to an unstable chaotic state of the system. The results would lay a theoretical basis for safe operation and multi-fault diagnosis of hydropower units.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 23-31 [Abstract] ( 107 ) PDF (1818 KB) ( 404 )

	32	Reservoir ecological operation based on stochastic flow duration curves
		REN Kang, LIU Dengfeng, HUANG Qiang, MENG Xianmeng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171104
		Ecological flow is a key factor in reservoir ecological operation to take into account the annual variations of runoff, but its inter-annual variations are also important. This paper presents an optimal operation model for maximizing the power generating capacity of reservoirs under the constraint of ecological flow in a case study of the Han to Wei River water diversion project. In this model, the standardized precipitation index is used to divide long runoff series into typical series of different levels, and stochastic flow duration curves are used for estimation of the ecological flows of the typical series. Calculations reveal that after years of reservoir operation in the schemes optimized using the model, the average generating capacity is 514 and 505 million kW?h under the minimum and appropriate ecological flows, respectively, which agrees with the value of 503 million kW?h in the project planning. This study shows that distinguishing different typical annual runoff series in optimizing reservoir operation can reflect the effects of inter-annual variations in the river runoffs so that the optimal operation scheme for every typical year can basically meet the ecological flow demand. However, in the years of extremely low flows, it does not meet the ecological demands, which needs special attention.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 32-41 [Abstract] ( 163 ) PDF (597 KB) ( 315 )

	42	Application of HBV hydrological model considering glacier melt in Western Tianshan
		YIN Ziyuan, MU Zhenxia, GAO Rui, ZHOU Yulin, TANG Rui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171105
		This study focuses on a HBV model that is equipped with a new glacier module using the DEM data and simulates the glacier and snow melt runoff in the Kashi River basin, a branch of the Ili River in Xinjiang, based on its glacier inventory dataset and hydrometeorological data from 1990 to 2000 to reveal the variation trends in snowmelt in the alpine region. We found out that glaciers exist in the areas of elevation above 2695 m and concentrate on the elevation of 3195 - 3695 m. The model is calibrated for the period of 1990-1995 and verified for 1996-2000, and its simulations show a good agreement with the runoff measurements, achieving coefficients of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.86 and 0.83 for the calibration period and 0.83 and 0.80 for the validation period, respectively. Extreme value analysis reveals that in comparison with the measurements, absolute errors in the calculations of maximum and minimum runoffs fall in the range of 0.28 - 4.57 mm and 0.10 - 0.17 mm, respectively. The results show good applicability of the HBV model in the study area.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 42-49 [Abstract] ( 160 ) PDF (668 KB) ( 277 )

	50	Soybean drought loss sensitivity assessment based on water deficit experiment
		CUI Yi, JIANG Shangming, JIN Juliang, YUAN Hongwei, ZHOU Yuliang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171106
		Sensitivity assessment for crop drought loss is of great significance to agricultural drought risk management. Based on a soybean water deficit experiment, crop drought loss sensitivity functions are formulated in this paper by considering only the influence of current-stage water deficit on the aboveground growth of the current-stage and assuming no water deficit at pervious stages. The results indicate that the functions are roughly S-shaped over the four growth stages of branching, filling, flowering-poding and seedling. Loss in dry matter accumulation increases with water deficit intensity. At the four stages, change in the increasing rate is the fastest at the current-stage accumulated water deficit of 4.19, 4.15, 1.36 and 1.20, respectively, while the increasing rate peaks at the values of 6.37, 5.92, 2.22 and 1.87, respectively. The stage sensitivity from high to low is flowering-poding, filling, branching and seedling when the accumulated deficit is less than 7.4, and otherwise it is filling, flowering-poding, branching and seedling.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 50-61 [Abstract] ( 128 ) PDF (463 KB) ( 390 )

	62	Analysis of urban waterlogging and pollution load based on SWMM model
		MA Menghua, LI Jiake, DENG Chenning
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171107
		Urban waterlogging and storm runoff pollution become increasingly serious as urbanization is rapidly developing. This paper constructs a regional stormwater model in the frame of SWMM combining a case study of a region located between Xi'an and Xianyang in Shaanxi province, and simulates different rainfall events of the region in traditional development (TD) and low impact development (LID) modes. Results show that: (1) The LID measures are better in alleviating waterllogging at the nodes of the storm sewer system. In this mode, no waterllogging is observed in the rainfall events of short recurrence period, while stormwater runoff and its pollutants can be well controlled in heavy rainfall events. (2) In the conditions of different precipitation, these LID measures can produce an increase of 3.2% - 15.1% in total runoff control rates and a delay of 5 - 30 minutes in flood peak time. Comparing with TD mode, the LID reduction rates in total loads of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen are increased by 28.2% - 38.9%, 25.2% - 36.3%, 29.8% - 40.0%, and 26.6% - 37.3% respectively. The LID measures can effectively regulate urban storm runoff and reduce pollutant loads. However, with the increasing return period of design rainfalls, their runoff regulating and load reducing effects are gradually decreasing.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 62-72 [Abstract] ( 251 ) PDF (1308 KB) ( 557 )

	73	Flow separation in side inlets/outlets of pumped storage power stations
		WANG Chenxi, ZHANG Chen, ZHANG Han, SUN Bowen, GAO Xueping
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171108
		The side inlet/outlet of a pumped storage power station is featured with bi-directional flows. If the passage is not properly shaped in design, flow separation will occur in its diffuser section that causes non-uniform velocity distribution and even back flows in the section of trash racks in outflow operation. This paper demonstrates the importance of vertical expansion angle ? and horizontal expansion angle ? to flow separation through numerical simulations using a realizable k-? turbulence model. Results show that ? plays a determinative role in weakening flow separation and eliminating back flow. Based on that, we discuss the influence of the angle ? on flow separation and velocity distribution in the condition of fixing the area of orifices under the required velocity in the trash rack section. This study suggests that flow separation or back flow will not occur if ? is no larger than 2.0° and the Reynolds number is less than 2.7?107.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 73-81 [Abstract] ( 159 ) PDF (2413 KB) ( 210 )

	82	Advances in simulation models for whole-life-cycle effectiveness of sponge city construction
		KANG Hongzhi, GUO Qizhong, LIAN Jijian, CHEN Liang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171109
		Sponge urban construction has brought about significant achievements in improving urban water environment and water resources and solving waterlogging and other problems. However, understandings of its effectiveness are far different over China due to the lack of effective planning, design, evaluation, or management tools for the practical measures. This paper reviews the simulation models applicable to evaluation of the whole-life-cycle effectiveness of sponge city construction, including SWMM, SUSTAIN, MUSIC, MIKE URBAN and Info-Works, focusing on their basic functions, suitability for different applications, advances in research, and practices. Examples of using different models for simulating such construction effectiveness in China are given in this paper.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 82-93 [Abstract] ( 234 ) PDF (447 KB) ( 447 )

	94	Calculation methods of frazil evolution in canals during icing period based on measured water temperature
		WU Yan, ZHOU Fuqiang, MU Xiangpeng, TIAN Wei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171110
		Heat gain and loss of the water transferred in a canal in winter is usually calculated using heat balance methods within the specifications. But when meteorological data is lacking, it is difficult to accurately calculate the amount of heat exchanged with the outside through heat balance factors, and the calculations always deviate from the real case. To solve the problem, we describe a novel method for calculation and analysis of the evolution of frazil ices through consideration of temperature changes in time and space and inverse calculation of the heat gain and loss of a water body from the measured water temperature. Application of this method to the frazil ices in water delivery canals in a cold region of Xinjiang shows that our calculations ? the average daytime temperature of -11 ?C and the canal ice output of 3.01 - 3.69 m3/s at night ? agree well with the calculations using empirical formulas and the relative errors are reduced to less than 8%. Our prediction of nearly no ice output in daytime was verified by the real operation of the canals. This indicates that the method considering temperature changes in time and space is more accurate than using heat balance factors and it is an improvement applicable to dynamic calculation and real-time, all-weather and full-process analysis on the formation, evolution and transport of ices in ice-water two-phase flow canals.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 94-101 [Abstract] ( 96 ) PDF (429 KB) ( 273 )

	102	Gradient control theory for cracking of arch dams
		HU Yu, LIN Peng, SUN Zhiyu, WANG Zhilin, ZUO Zheng, LI Qingbin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171111
		Cracking of arch dams and control of it remain a technical difficulty in design, construction and operation. A mechanism for arch dam cracking caused by gradients in temperature, deformation and stiffness is revealed in this paper, based on observations and analyses on the stress cracks, temperature cracks, special local cracks, and foundation block cracks in arch dams. In the analysis, gradients are considered as a measure of material state or a control factor in the control system, including stress gradients in dam structures, temperature gradients between inside and outside of dam blocks, material function gradients, and gradients in foundation dam block lifting. Through decomposition of problems from multiple dimensions, including time, space, and functions, we construct a multi-dimensional gradient control method system for multi-physical quantity fields. It provides a key theory and technical support for reliable design, controllable construction and safe operation of arch dams.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 102-110 [Abstract] ( 130 ) PDF (691 KB) ( 394 )

	111	Advances in research of coupling characteristics of seepage and stress in rock mass with a single joint
		KONG Yang, RUAN Huaining
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171112
		Engineering rocks in hydraulic and hydropower projects are always in a tri-axial state of unequal principal stresses due to the effect of geo-stress, such as those in dam foundations, slopes or underground water diversion tunnels. Seepage characteristics of the jointed rock masses under such a state are very important to the safety evaluation and stability analysis of these structures. Research on the corresponding cases of rock mass with a single joint is essential and most basic. This paper summarizes the basic studies on the characteristics of seepage in a single rock joint under tri-axial stress state. We systematically review and analyze previous achievements in this type of seepage calculation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each seepage-stress coupling formula. Results show that a great disparity exists in the previous formulae, indicating that up to the present, no mature theoretical system has yet been developed for these flows. A more reasonable seepage-stress coupling formula is suggested for calculating a single rock joint in the condition of tri-axial stress state on the basis of existing formulae. The present study would help analysis on the seepage-stress coupling of jointed rock masses or other engineering rock masses.
		2017 Vol. 36 (11): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 130 ) PDF (477 KB) ( 299 )