Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 10 Published: 2017-10-25

	1	Advances and developing trends in research of large hydraulic steel gates
		WANG Zhengzhong, ZHANG Xuecai, LIU Jiliang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171001
		Along with the development in construction of high dams and large reservoirs, large scale and light weight hydraulic steel gates with increasingly larger sizes, higher working heads and greater discharging capacity have been adopted in water conservancy and hydropower engineering. The safety and flexible operation of hydraulic steel gates become crucial to the security of the dams and the downstream people's life and property. This paper summarizes and discusses the developing trends and the main problems to be studied through a comprehensive analysis on the advances and achievements in the research of large hydraulic steel gates. We found out that the research focuses on the following key problems: reasonable layout of the space frame structures of large radial gates under comprehensive conditions; optimization design methods based on the reliability of space structure systems; calculation theories and methods of deep beams, thick plates and other rigid frame structures; dynamic stability and vibration control of radial gate space frames under flow induced vibrations; failure mechanism of low temperature and low cycle fatigue under cold environment; innovation in light stable bionic tree structures of hydraulic steel gates; optimization of the structures and hydraulic characteristics of super-sized steel gates for ecological landscape; life cycle safety intelligent monitoring and diagnosis of hydraulic steel gates; development and application of super steel material, glue-welding and other new technologies.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 1-18 [Abstract] ( 284 ) PDF (1741 KB) ( 739 )

	19	Shaking table model test methods of gravity dam-reservoir interaction satisfying the similarity principles
		ZHU Tong, WANG Zhongyang, ZHOU Jing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171002
		An experimental study on gravity dam-reservoir hydrostatic pressure simulation using shaking table model tests was conducted, focusing on the problem in dynamic failure tests ? selecting only water as model reservoir material leads to a model dam body of density inevitably equal to that of the prototype dam. For this end, an added mass was used for simulation of hydrodynamic pressure and a spring system for hydrostatic pressure, so that materials of high density, if needed for improving the model tests, can be selected for model dam bodies. A comparative study on a series of model dams shows that this method, convenient for adjusting model materials, can effectively simulate the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures produced by reservoir water, satisfying similarity requirements. And we found out that in simulation of seismic responses, hydrostatic pressure has an obvious effect on the dynamic characteristic parameters and failure behaviors of a dam structure.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 19-26 [Abstract] ( 121 ) PDF (1381 KB) ( 350 )

	27	Flood forecasting methods with precipitation prediction and multi-objective parameter optimization
		LIN Rui, PAN Suli, LIU Li, XU Yueping
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171003
		A flood forecasting method coupled with numerical weather prediction and multi-objective optimization for parameter calibration is presented to improve accuracy and lead time of flood forecasting. In this method, the epsilon-dominance non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm II (? - NSGA II) is used for multi-objective auto-calibration of the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), and ensemble averaging precipitation data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is adopted to drive DHSVM for flood forecasting. The results demonstrate that for overall flow, forecasts of lead time within eight days are reliable and the relative mean error (RME) is within 20%. Compared with traditional deterministic forecasting, adopting ensemble precipitation forecasts can prolong the lead time of flood forecasting and provide an effective way for developing flood forecasting methods.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 27-34 [Abstract] ( 178 ) PDF (635 KB) ( 358 )

	35	Preliminary study on flood return periods based on bivariate variables
		YAO Ruihu, QIN Guanghua, DING Jing, LI Pinliang, CAO Lingran
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171004
		Bivariate return periods of floods, with peak flood discharge x and flood volume y as variables, are important to calculation and evaluation of flood control in hydraulic engineering. For a flood event, calculation of its return periods much depends on its components and how to match the demands. This paper discusses and calculates four types of return periods using the Copula function theories ? univariate return period N1, OR-event return period N2, AND-event return period N3, and matching return period N4 ? focusing on the demonstration of N4. And the four return periods are compared in a case study of the Mabian hydrological station of the Mabian River, a branch of the Minjiang River. The results show that for a given set (x0, y0) of the bivariate variables, the values of these periods are quite different. When both x0 and y0 are large or small, they follow a decreasing order of N3> N4> N1> N2; when x0 is large and y0 is small or y0 large and x0 small, N4 could become possibly much larger than N3 or even smaller than N1. Thus, attention should be paid to the special properties of the Copula functions and we recommend the use of bivariate matching values N4 in flood control calculations.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 35-44 [Abstract] ( 127 ) PDF (520 KB) ( 212 )

	45	Performance optimization analysis for inflow prediction using wavelet Support Vector Machine
		ZHOU Ting, JIN Juliang, LI Rongbo, JI Changming, LI Jiqing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171005
		Mid-long term inflow prediction is a critical prerequisite and complicated issue for reservoir operation. This paper presents a wavelet decomposition parameter optimized support vector machine (WD-SVM-PSO) model based on previous studies of the data driven prediction theory, including historical inflows frequency division pre-process, classification based training, parameter optimization and cross validation. Its performance is optimized in terms of dataset refining, model parameters calibration, and training mechanism. Application to the annual inflows of the Xianghongdian reservoir in the Huai River basin during 1959-2014 shows that 93% of its predictions are acceptable due to its better generalization performance and it can significantly reduce the overfitting. And the controlled trial simulation reveals the effect of three key elements, ranked from top to down: data set pre-process, prediction model, model parameters. This study helps analyze and improve data driven prediction models and their accuracy and reliability of inflow prediction.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 45-55 [Abstract] ( 162 ) PDF (962 KB) ( 314 )

	56	PIV analysis of cavitating water flows behind triangular multi-orifice plates
		ZHANG Kai, DONG Zhiyong, ZHAO Wenqian, JU Wenjie, LI Yangru, GENG Kun, QIN Zhaoyu, WANG Lei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171006
		A particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the water flows behind triangular multi-orifice plates of five different types, and an analysis was made on the effects of different orifice sizes (side length = 2.6, 4.0, 5.1 and 6.7 mm), orifice numbers ( = 9, 16, 25 and 64) and orifice arrangements (checkboard and staggered) on time-averaged velocity, turbulence intensity, and turbulent shear stress of the flows. Results showed that the cross-sectional profiles of these flow quantities took a zigzag shape, and that the turbulence mixing and shearing of the multiple-jet flows behind the plates could be intensified and even flow cavitation could be generated by appropriately decreasing the orifice size, increasing the number of orifices, or taking staggered arrangement. The strongest intensification in all the test cases occurred at the staggered arrangement of 25 triangular orifices with their side length of 4mm, achieving the greatest velocity gradient and most intense mixing and shearing effects.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 56-64 [Abstract] ( 151 ) PDF (1063 KB) ( 268 )

	65	Hydraulic characteristics of slope land under rill erosion
		YANG Daming, GAO Peiling, LIU Xiaoyuan, ZHAO Liandong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171007
		Studies of rill flow hydraulic characteristics are essential to understand the mechanism of rill erosion and develop soil erosion prediction models. This paper presents an analysis on hydraulic characteristics of the rill flows on slope land based on a series of runoff scouring laboratory experiments for the conditions of different soil bulk densities (1.2, 1.35 and 1.5 g/cm3), flow discharges (2, 4, 8 and 16 L /min), and land slopes (5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). The results show that both flow discharge and land slope are important factors influencing flow velocity. And flow velocity can be expressed in a power function of land slope and flow discharge with the former as the major factor; soil bulk density has a certain influence on flow velocity and its effect varies with land slope. The Reynolds number, varying in the range of 248 to 1932, is independent from soil bulk density or land slope, and has a linear relationship with flow discharge. All the rill flows tested are supercritical of Froude number greater than one. The influence of soil bulk density on the Froude number also varies with land slope, similar to that of flow velocity. The resistance coefficient in the range of 0.04-0.955 increases first and then decreases with the increasing slope or flow discharge, and its dependency on soil bulk density is significant, manifesting a decreasing trend in the case of mild or steep land slope.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 65-73 [Abstract] ( 615 ) PDF (401 KB) ( 873 )

	74	Numerical simulations and optimization of flows on spillway of Longtouqiao reservoir
		GENG Jing, MA Shiling, LI Gang, ZHU Rui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171008
		In operation of the Longtouqiao reservoir spillway, serious phenomena of water crown and deflected flow occurred in the chute section behind the gate pier. Aiming at this problem, physical model tests and numerical modeling were conducted in this study to simulate the 3D flows on the spillway, using an RNG k-ε turbulence model, modified SIMPLE algorithm, and VOF model. Comparison shows that the numerical calculations of hydraulic characteristics agree well with the model test results, including spillway capacity, water surface profile, flow velocity, and pressure on the weir. And the simulations can well describe the locations and behaviors of the water crown and flow deflection. To improve the flow regime, we optimized the thickness of the gate pier and its tail shape through examining a set of modification schemes, and achieved satisfactory results that were verified by the model tests and numerical simulations.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 74-83 [Abstract] ( 125 ) PDF (1887 KB) ( 403 )

	84	Experiment on flow circulations behind spur dikes
		HAN Han, ZHANG Man, LIN Binliang, ZHOU Jianjun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171009
		Spur dikes, a hydraulic structure frequently used in river engineering, generate flow circulations and bring about complication in flow velocity distribution and sediment transport, significantly impacting navigation and local water environment. Most previous studies focused on mathematical modeling of the flow and sediment transport behaviors, while its field or laboratory measurements are lacking. In this study, we conducted a laboratory experiment on a train of model spur dikes in a wide open channel built in a large-scale flume to simulate the flow circulations and their effects on the channel flow. Full-field velocity was measured using a particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and time histories of discharge and flow depth were recorded to analyze the characteristics of circulations. The results indicate that: (1) the electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) gives accurate measurement of discharge and the flow depth varies smoothly as expected; (2) a circulation zone can be divided into three regions: a backflow region, a forward flow region, and a mainstream region; (3) the backflow rate of a recirculation zone can reach up to 50% of the inflow. This study provides a set of reliable data that would help further study of the flows and sediment transport around spur dikes and be useful for verification of numerical models.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 84-92 [Abstract] ( 172 ) PDF (2774 KB) ( 292 )

	93	Acute effects of TDG supersaturated water with high concentration sediment on rock carp (Procypris rabaudi)
		LIU Xiaoqing, WANG Junjie, SUN Jingpei, WANG Yuanming, SHI Haoran
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171010
		Excessive suspended sediment and high level supersaturation of total dissolved gas (TDG) often exist in the downstream water of a dam that is releasing flood. This threatens the survival of fish inhabiting in the water and is becoming an increasingly prominent eco-environmental issue that attracts more attention. This study conducts an acute exposure experiment and has investigated the combined effect of TDG supersaturation and sediment on rock carp (Procypris rabaudi). One-year-old rock carps and sediment with median diameter of 7 μm are tested, and sediment concentrations of 0, 200, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L are used for each of the supersaturation levels of 125%, 130%, 135% and 140%. Results show that higher TDG supersaturation and sediment concentration leads to a shorter median lethal time of the rock carps exposed to the water. Sediment accelerates the death of rock carps in TDG supersaturated water, but supersaturated TDG plays the major role. We have observed that sediment alone did not result in the death of rock carps in all the treat groups (200-1000 mg/L) in the condition of TDG supersaturation level of 100%.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 93-101 [Abstract] ( 201 ) PDF (517 KB) ( 367 )

	102	Experimental study on cavitation characteristics of Bulb turbine blades
		LI Guangfu, LU Chi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171011
		Test data of cavitation on blade surfaces were collected from a model bulb turbine running in on-cam operating conditions under characteristic working heads, with focus on generation and development of the cavitation. Gap cavitation was also observed in the model tests and all the observations for the whole operating range were recorded in photographs and sketches. This study shows that, the critical cavitation coefficient corresponds to a flow condition characterized by a sharp change in turbine efficiency for a fourth η-σ curve. And along with the decreasing cavitation number, cavitation on blade surfaces or in the gaps at runner tips was developing though four stages: travelling cavitation bubbles, sheet cavitation bubbles, cloud cavitation bubbles, and super cavitation bubbles. Locations of cavitation erosion can be predicted according to cavitation characteristics. Higher precision of the discharge ring and blade flange or a more reasonable flange clearance can suppress gap cavitation.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 102-109 [Abstract] ( 147 ) PDF (2376 KB) ( 260 )

	110	Correlation of runner structure and juvenile fish pressure injury
		WANG Yu, LI Cheng, ZHANG Yang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20171012
		Construction of dams blocks the migration passage of migratory fishes, and the fishes passing by or stumbling into the turbine could be influenced by the turbine structure and its complicated hydraulic characteristics, possibly getting injured or even killed. Aiming at effective protection of fish resources, this paper presents a study on optimizing the number of turbine blades and the size of runner cone to lower the probability of juvenile fish injuries, using 3D full-passage numerical simulations of a large Kaplan turbine. Pressure and pressure gradient of the flows are used as threshold values for evaluating the injuries. The results show that an increase in the blade number or a decrease in the relative cone height leads to a higher probability of pressure and pressure gradient injuries on the passing-by juvenile fishes. This would helps design environmental friendly turbines to lower fish injury probability.
		2017 Vol. 36 (10): 110-120 [Abstract] ( 157 ) PDF (1958 KB) ( 397 )