Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 8 Published: 2017-08-25

	1	Exploitation of rainwater harvesting potential and its impact on regional ecological restoration over the Loess Plateau
		WU Pute, ZHAO Xining, ZHANG Baoqing, , GAO Xiaodong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170801
		In order to alleviate the co-existing situation of severe water shortage and soil erosion, the Rainwater Harvesting Potential (RHP) over the Loess Plateau was estimated by using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, which is a large-scale distributed hydrologic model. Two Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) datasets and MODIS evapotranspiration product were used to characterize vegetation restoration and its water consumption rule over the Loess Plateau. The results show that mean annual temperature of the Loess Plateau increased markedly at a rate of 0.055 ℃/year over the past four decades. The vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau improved significantly with the implementation of “Grain-For-Green” project. With the impact of both vegetation restoration and high water losses resulted from climate warming, the evaporated water consumption of the Loess Plateau significantly raised during 2000-2014 (increased by 134×108 m3), which have made water shortage to be an increasingly severe issue. The annual mean evapotranspiration over the Loess Plateau is 2282×108 m3. The annual mean RHP on the Loess Plateau was 1807×108 m3, which was about 80% of annual mean evapotranspiration. Through cropping structure adjustment, soil water preservation, and soil water high efficient use, and rainfall-runoff regulation, the RHP was generally enough to support the vegetation restoration. There is considerable scope for RHP across the Loess Plateau, which could potentially provide enough water resources to the ecological restoration over the Loess Plateau.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 148 ) PDF (5224 KB) ( 370 )

	12	Selecting hydrological forecast factor sets based on joint mutual information
		JI Changming, YU Hongjie, YAN Xiaoran, LI Rongbo, WANG Liping
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170802
		A forecast factor set, or a certain combination of forecast factors, is crucial to forecasting accuracy, since its size determines the number of information sources for the forecasting. Considering the shortcoming in previous methods that focused on the cases of one single factor, this paper, from a holistic perspective, presents a method for selecting hydrological forecast factor set based on joint mutual information. First, we introduce the concept of mutual information and extend it to high-dimensional cases. Both conditional mutual information and joint mutual information are illustrated and calculated by the Parzen window estimation method. Then, using conditional mutual information, a maximum joint mutual information (JMI) model is constructed and solved for application of hydrological forecasting. Finally, the results of this method are tested via calculations of back propagation (BP) neural network and compared with those of previous methods in a case study of the Luning hydrological station in the Yalong River basin. This work shows that the new method can generate more appropriate inputs for hydrological forecasting models.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 12-21 [Abstract] ( 147 ) PDF (938 KB) ( 340 )

	22	Attribution analysis on seasonal river runoff based on extended Budyko hypothesis
		WANG Zhe, LI Yu, DING Wei, ZHANG Chi, WU Jian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170803
		Many previous studies have quantified the impacts of climate change and human activities on annual river runoff neglected the contribution of human activities to seasonal runoff variation. This paper describes an extended decomposition method based on the Budyko hypothesis and distinction between three seasons: irrigation season, wet season, and dry season. We have applied this method to calculation of the climate change and human activities impacts on the river runoff of the Fengman sub-basin II in each of the seasons, and evaluated the contribution of water storage projects to runoff variation in wet season ( from July through September). The results show that runoff decreasing depends on the integrated effect of climate change and human activities and their individual effects are different in form and order of magnitude. Generally, human activities cause a decrease in runoff in all the seasons, while climate change causes a decrease in wet and dry seasons but an increase in irrigation season.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 22-33 [Abstract] ( 143 ) PDF (757 KB) ( 283 )

	34	Runoff prediction incorporating anomalous atmospheric circulation factors
		MENG Erhao, HUANG Shengzhi, HUANG Qiang, LIU dengfeng, BAI tao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170804
		Runoff prediction plays a key role in development and management of regional water resources. Previous research focused largely on advanced algorithms, often ignoring the contribution of expanding predictors to runoff prediction. This study has developed an improved support vector machine model (GA-SVR) coupling the genetic algorithm (GA) and a support vector regression (SVR) model through a case study of predicting the runoff in the Jing River. In addition to the conventional forecasting factors (i.e. rainfall and evaporation), predictor variables in this model also cover anomalous atmospheric circulation factors that have a strong influence on the runoff. Results indicate that the GA-SVR model achieves a prediction accuracy and generalization ability significantly better than the neural network model (ANN) when not using these anomalous factors and when putting them into use, the accuracy is further improved. Thus, accuracy in monthly runoff prediction can be improved by coupling a SVR model with GA and further improved by considering anomalous atmospheric circulation factors.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 34-42 [Abstract] ( 143 ) PDF (473 KB) ( 277 )

	43	Numerical simulations of the impacts of river width narrowing ratio on riverbed deformation
		NING Jian, LI Guodong, MA Miao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170805
		Spur dikes lead to a change in the flow structure and have an impact on the local scour around its head and the evolution of riverbed nearby. River width narrowing ratio (i.e. the ratio of spur dike length to river width) is a key factor of its local scour features. Based on numerical simulations of the 3D flows, this paper analyzes the scour depth and riverbed deformation around the head of a non-submerged spur dike at different narrowing ratios. Results reveal that the maximum scour depth essentially linearly increases with the narrowing ratio in its range of 0.5 or less but it increases more rapidly at the ratio beyond this range. In the latter case, the scope of a spur dike on the flow reaches the opposite bank, and consequently the scour pit also extends to the shore, taking a shape greatly different from those at the smaller ratios. This indicates the significance in selecting a suitable river width narrowing ratio in design of practical spur dikes
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 43-49 [Abstract] ( 158 ) PDF (1370 KB) ( 300 )

	50	Degradation of refractory hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants by hydrodynamic cavitation
		ZHANG Kai, DONG Zhiyong, YAO Ruihao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170806
		The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on removal of refractory hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants and their mixtures, using a self-developed hydrodynamic cavitation reactor composed of a Venturi tube, multi-orifice plates or their combinations, was studied experimentally and systemically. First, three types of Venturi tubes with different relative throat lengths were designed and tested, and their effects on the degradation rates of hydrophobic pollutants were concluded. Then, four types of multi-orifice plates with checkerboard arrangement and staggered arrangement of triangular orifices were examined, and the effects of different numbers and sizes of the orifices on removal of hydrophilic pollutants were studied. Finally, combinations of Venturi tubes with multi-orifice plates were adopted to treat hydrophilic and hydrophobic mixtures, and their degradation rates were measured and compared. Our measurements show that relative throat length is a key factor in the degradation of hydrophobic pollutants and has an optimal value of L/R = 40. And increasing orifice number or reducing orifice size is favorable to degradation of hydrophilic pollutants, and a hydraulic condition for more effective cavitation can be achieved through combining a Venturi tube with the orifice plates of checkerboard arrangement. In addition, cavitation intensity can be improved by increasing flow velocity, reducing cavitation number, extending treatment time, or using suitable initial concentration of wastewater.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 50-57 [Abstract] ( 189 ) PDF (454 KB) ( 265 )

	58	Experimental study on velocity distribution in open channel with a bottom sill
		SUN Zhilin, LI Linsheng, DONG Haiyang, XU Dan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170807
		A laboratory experiment, along with theoretical analysis, was conducted to study the vertical profiles of flow velocity on the center plane of an open channel with a bottom sill, and from the measurements a parabolic formula was established for the profiles at the crest of sills with different shapes. Results show a linear relationship of the parabola coefficient versus the slope of the upstream sill face. And, the peak of the velocity profiles moves closer to the channel bottom as this sill slope increases, with its lowest position at a bottom distance as small as 41% of the flow depth, i.e. far away from the water surface. The peak value of velocity is increased with the increasing flow rate, but the ratio of peak to mean velocity approaches to constant. Calculations of this formula agree with the measurements and its accuracy is higher for lower velocity, showing it effective in description of the actual velocity over the sills.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 58-64 [Abstract] ( 140 ) PDF (534 KB) ( 222 )

	65	Advances in studies on bioretention systems for purifying runoff nutrients
		JIANG Chunbo, LI Jiake, LI Huaien
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170808
		As the impervious urban area is increasing, non-point source pollution arising from storm runoff has a growing impact on the quality of receiving water. To promote the sponge city construction in China, this paper discusses the runoff nutrient removal from bioretention systems of low impact development, the problems in its numerical models, and the fate of the nutrients and their removal mechanisms. Methods for improving the nutrient removal effects are summarized from two aspects of bioretention soil mixture (BSM) design and structure optimization, and the optimization includes four measures: improving inflow characteristics, adjusting the combination in packing structure, adjusting export settings, and adding carbon sources. We suggest that future researches should focus on media improvement, optimization of structure design, and molecular ecology related to nutrient cycling.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 65-77 [Abstract] ( 206 ) PDF (2454 KB) ( 388 )

	78	Denoising algorithm of pressure fluctuation signals of hydraulic turbines based on VMD and permutation entropy
		YU Xiaodong, PAN Luoping, AN Xueli
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170809
		Turbine draft tube pressure fluctuation signals are very complicated and show a strong instability in fault diagnosis of hydroelectric generating units. This paper presents a new method for denoising pressure fluctuation signals of hydraulic turbines based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and permutation entropy (PE). In this method, a pressure fluctuation signal is decomposed by VMD, and a number of its BIMF components are obtained. Then, the permutation entropy of each modal component is calculated, and the pressure fluctuation signal is screened and reconstructed by using these permutation entropies’ sensitivity to the feature of random signals. Comparison of simulation results shows that our new method can effectively denoise the signals and is better than the commonly-used EEMD filtering algorithm.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 78-85 [Abstract] ( 186 ) PDF (491 KB) ( 578 )

	86	Experimental investigation on double-K fracture parameters and fracture energy for ultra-high strength concrete
		WANG Cuijin, WU Zhimin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170810
		An experimental investigation on double-K fracture parameters and fracture energy of ultra-high strength concrete is presented. In the tests, the compressive strength was up to 115.8 MPa and the dimensions of three-point bending specimen beams were 480 mm ? 120 mm ? 60 mm. Initial fracture toughness, unstable fracture toughness, and fracture energy were calculated from the data of initial cracking load, peak load, incipient crack opening displacement, etc. The results indicate that no obvious relationship exists between double-K fracture parameters and initial crack-depth ratios of the tested ultra-high strength concrete. At a fixed initial crack-depth ratio, double-K fracture parameters and fracture energy all increase with the increasing compressive strength.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 86-93 [Abstract] ( 165 ) PDF (503 KB) ( 217 )

	94	Analysis on temperature control in construction of intake tower concrete base slabs of Baihetan spillway tunnels
		XIAO Zhaoyang, DUAN Yahui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170811
		A three-dimensional finite element method was used to simulate the summer season construction process and its temperature control measures of the intake tower base slabs of spillway tunnels at the Baihetan hydropower station. Owning to the lack of parameters for calculating concrete temperature field, a BP neural network method was used for back calculation of the thermal parameters from in-situ measurements. Using the calculations, then we obtained temperature and stress fields of the concrete slabs in different construction conditions through finite element simulation. Influence of different construction procedures on these fields was examined and effective temperature control measures for prevention of concrete cracking can be determined to guide site construction. The results are also useful for improvement of construction quality.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 94-103 [Abstract] ( 115 ) PDF (599 KB) ( 288 )

	104	Effects of mineral admixtures on double-K fracture parameters of self-compacting concrete
		LUO Surong, LIN Kaibin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170812
		Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is more likely to crack than normal concrete due to its greater content of mineral admixtures. Wedge splitting method was used in this work to conduct fracture tests on 15 sets of SCC specimens and one set of normal concrete specimens, and the fracture behaviors were estimated in terms of double-K fracture parameters. This paper focuses on the influence of various mineral admixtures on SCC fracturing, including cases of fly ash only, fly ash and slag, and fly ash and silica fume. Results showed that in the case with fly ash only, the initial fracture toughness of SCC was decreased with an increase in the admixture content, and its unstable fracture toughness reached the highest at 1.5534 MPa?m1/2 when the fly ash content was 30%. By the tests with two admixtures, total admixture content of 30% with fly ash-slag proportion of 3:7 was a condition leading to the best fracture property of SCC with an unstable fracture toughness of 1.7122 MPa?m1/2. Doping silica fume was also able to improve the fracture property of SCC.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 104-112 [Abstract] ( 104 ) PDF (809 KB) ( 237 )

	113	Performance analysis and comprehensive evaluation of wave energy power generation devices
		XIE Dian, GU Yujiong, YU Zhiwen, YU Yupu, GENG Zhi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170813
		There are many kinds of wave energy generating devices, and different types of devices have their own advantages. In order to comprehensively compare the performance of different devices and provide ideas for further in-depth study, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the existing various wave energy devices from several different angles, such as the efficiency, reliability, and the influence on the environment. Then, based on the principle of analytic hierarchy process, a comprehensive evaluation model of multi index is constructed, and a comprehensive analysis is carried out on several devices by using this model. The results show that the tilting and float type wave energy power generation devices have better comprehensive performance and wide application range.
		2017 Vol. 36 (8): 113-120 [Abstract] ( 300 ) PDF (444 KB) ( 505 )