Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 5 Published: 2017-05-25

	1	Design of ultra-high fly ash content hydraulic concrete: experimental study
		ZHOU Hougui, ZHANG Zhenyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170501
		Various design methods are available in China for ultra-high fly ash content hydraulic concrete, but the fly ash volume content in normal hydraulic concrete could hardly exceed 50% due to the restrictions of their design concept and methodology and the existing regulations, showing a significant difference from the current techniques overseas. This paper describes a new design method of mixing fly ash and ordinary portland cement that can raise the mix portion of fly ash up to 80% and retain all the performances meeting the requirement of hydraulic concrete C18040. Compared with the concrete with the same strength grade but a lower content 35% fly ash mixed with medium heat cement by the common method, this new design is superior in lower hydration temperature rise, less shrinkage, and lower total cost. Thus, it would provide a new method to demonstrate the integrated meanings and real characteristics of hydraulic concrete.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 129 ) PDF (456 KB) ( 505 )

	10	Current research on comprehensive properties of rock filled concrete
		HE Shiqin, CHEN Chen, ZHOU Hu, JIN Feng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170502
		Rock-filled concrete (RFC), which is formed by filling specific self-compacting concrete into rockfills, is a type of dense concrete, not just environmental friendly but of easy construction, low-heat hydration, and low cost. In China, RFC is widely used in mass concrete projects in hydraulic and hydropower engineering, highway and railway engineering, harbor engineering, etc. Up to the present, comprehensive experimental studies and extensive numerical analysis on its performance have been carried out. This article presents a summary and analysis of its thermal property, mechanical property, long-term performance and durability, and suggests some issues for further studies.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 10-18 [Abstract] ( 166 ) PDF (383 KB) ( 540 )

	19	Time-space conflict analysis and adjustment methods for pouring concrete of high arch dams
		HU Chao, ZHAO Chunju, ZHOU Yihong, SONG Ling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170503
		To resolve the time-space conflicts in pouring concrete of high arch dams, this paper first analyzes the state transition of construction entities in a three-dimensional space, and develops a spatial-temporal evolution model and description method of the entities. Then, by the transition process, generation and classification of the conflicts and their effect are examined and a mechanism of space-time adjustment to the pouring procedure is established. Finally, a conflict detection mechanism is constructed using simulations of concrete pouring. We have achieved simulations of the pouring procedure in the virtual scene and developed an optimization model for dynamically adjusting the construction scheme. Application to a practical case of concrete pouring shows that this method can provide detailed data for a pouring procedure before its implementation and hence it would help analyze the feasibility and security of a construction scheme.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 19-27 [Abstract] ( 168 ) PDF (1192 KB) ( 410 )

	28	Risk analysis on human factors in operation of high risk construction based on dynamic Bayesian network
		SUN Kaichang, LI Quan, XU Xiaofeng, YIN Zhiwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170504
		In operation of high risk construction of hydropower projects, to control and prevent the occurrence of accidents effectively, it is vital to understand the risks and find out human factors that cause accidents. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was used in this study to survey and analyze major human factors in the occurrence of accidents in hydropower construction and develop a human factor risk assessment model based on a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). By a quantitative analysis of human factors using this model, probabilities of accident occurrences at all the time nodes were obtained and dynamic characteristics of the risk factors and their effect on accidents over time were examined. This paper also includes suggestions for reducing the possibility of accidents in high risk construction of hydropower projects.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 28-35 [Abstract] ( 205 ) PDF (1542 KB) ( 521 )

	36	Accuracy evaluation and substitutability analysis of multiple precipitation products for gauge-based observation
		ZOU Lei, XIA Jun, CHEN Xinchi, WANG Qiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170505
		Satellite precipitation products (APHRODITE and TRMM 3B42) and reanalysis data (NCEP) were evaluated quantitatively in this study using rainfall records of gauge-based observation. These datasets were used as forcing data to drive an improved distributed time-variant gain model (DTVGM) to explore whether the precipitation products could be used as a substitute for the rainfall data observed in the Yuanjiang River basin in Yunnan. Results indicate that the accuracy of TRMM is better than the other products. The TRMM datasets of monthly precipitation fit well with the ground observations at catchment scale with correlation coefficients above 0.9 while the correlation of daily precipitation is worse. Streamflow simulations of this study suggest that the simulations of daily streamflow based on the TRMM precipitation products could describe variations in the streamflow, although they have larger deviations than those in the gauge-based observations. Comparison shows that the model performs better after recalibration using precipitation products, suggesting that the precipitation products have a potential to substitute for gauged-based observations.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 36-46 [Abstract] ( 182 ) PDF (2322 KB) ( 336 )

	47	Multi-objective quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization for operation of cascade hydropower stations
		NIU Wenjing, FENG Zhongkai, CHENG Chuntian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170506
		This paper describes a method of multi-objective quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (MOQPSO) based on quantum evolutionary mechanism for multi-objective operation of cascade hydropower stations. On the basis of the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO), this new method adopts external archive collection to store non-dominated particles and implements maintenance and dynamic update of the collection using individual dominance relations. It uses individual leadership to choose the previous best position of the whole particle population and the previous best position of each particle so that diversity in individual evolution directions can be maintained during the search. A chaos mutation operator can be added to the method to further enhance its local search capability and global convergence performance. The method has been applied in the operation of hydropower stations in the Wu River basin. The results indicate that MOQPSO could generate a Pareto solution set that combines the considerations of reliability and benefits and thus it would lay a theoretical basis for decision making.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 47-57 [Abstract] ( 219 ) PDF (750 KB) ( 383 )

	58	Short-term optimal operation models based on space mapping principle
		JI Changming, ZHANG Pei, WU Yueqiu, ZHANG Yanke, LI Chuangang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170507
		Aimed at flow propagation in short-term optimal operation of cascade reservoirs, a flow hysteresis problem is considered using a black box model by the theory of functional analysis and a new thought of big data analysis. A relevant linear mapping relationship between the reservoir inflow and outflow is constructed by the space mapping principle, using the measured data of inflow and outflow discharges of the cascade hydropower plant reservoirs. Then, a short-term optimal operation model considering flow delay time is developed and a method of its calculation is given. Finally, an analysis is presented comparing our calculations with the method of fixed hysteresis time and the real operation case. Results show that this model is simple and practical for a wide range of application to short-term optimal operation of cascade reservoirs.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 58-67 [Abstract] ( 136 ) PDF (667 KB) ( 341 )

	68	Rainstorm waterlogging simulations based on SWMM and LISFLOOD models
		ZENG Zhaoyang, WANG Zhaoli, WU Xushu, LAI Chengguang, CHEN Xiaohong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170508
		Along with rapid change in global climate and fast development in urbanization, the frequency of urban waterlogging events becomes increasingly higher. Dongguan is located in the Pearl River Delta, a region of high-level economic development that is vulnerable to attacks by storm surges and high level floods in its outer rivers. Hence, waterlogging threat to this city is becoming increasingly higher and its waterlog control requires a storm water model for evaluation of its existing drainage capacity and risks of waterlogging. This study coupled LISFLOOD-FP (a 2D hydrodynamic model) with SWMM (a 1D model for a drainage system) in simulations of rainstorms and waterlogging over a study area covering typical regions of Dongguan and obtained following conclusions. By constructing a SWMM model and coupling SWMM and LISFLOOD-FP for the city, we simulated the inundated area of waterlogging and its water depth. Verification with the measured rainfall data of 13-6-2008 rainstorm shows that this coupling model was effective and satisfactory. Then, the model was used to simulate the design rainfalls with return periods of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 20 years. Results indicates that as the return period increases from 0.5 to 20 years, the discharges are increased at outfalls, overflow discharges, and the number of flooding nodes in the study area, and the floods have earlier peak flows and longer durations. And the inundated area increases from 0.92 to 1.93 km2, with a portion of 0.02 to 0.25 km2 subject to flooding deeper than 2m. In the study area, high risk waterlogging covers Dongzong road, Dongchengxi road, Yinshan street, and Donghui road.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 68-77 [Abstract] ( 576 ) PDF (4770 KB) ( 855 )

	78	Comparative analysis on bridge backwater depths estimated using 2-D hydrodynamic model and empirical formulas
		REN Meifang, XU Zongxue, SU Guangxin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170509
		Backwater depths upstream of six bridges on the Nandu River in Hainan were estimated using MIKE21 and two empirical formulas in this paper, focusing on comparison of the calculations for floods of different frequencies. The results showed that the MIKE21 model was capable of simulating relatively complicated terrain with a higher accuracy: relative errors below 5% and coefficient RNS above 0.8 in calculations of model calibration and validation. And relative to the simulations, the estimates of D’Aubuisson formula and Henderson formula were smaller with the latter closer to MIKE21 for bridge piers of blockage factor less than 10%, while Luhao’s formula produces much larger backwater depths. Thus, when a bridge is located in a river channel with complicated terrain or the channel is crucial to flood control, a hydrodynamic model should be adopted to estimate the upstream backwater depth of a bridge for better accuracy in assessment of its effects on flooding.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 78-87 [Abstract] ( 175 ) PDF (1051 KB) ( 444 )

	88	Influence of particle diameters and concentration of sediment on internal flows in Francis turbine runners
		LIAO Jiao, LAI Xide, ZHANG Xing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170510
		This paper reports full-passage numerical simulations of a high-head Francis turbine using a solid-liquid two-phase flow model to preliminarily study the influence of particle diameters and concentration of sediment on the internal flow and performance of the turbine runner. The effects on sediment concentration distribution and mean pressure on the runner blades as well as on turbine efficiency were examined using a single variable method. Results show that relative to the flow of clean water, sediment in the flow causes an increase in pressure load on the blades and a decrease in turbine efficiency to a certain extent. Under the same operating conditions, higher sediment concentration appears around the inflow and outflow edges of the blade and near its joint with bottom outlet ring. When its particle diameters increase, sediment tends to be more concentrated and hence its abrasion is intensified.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 88-94 [Abstract] ( 103 ) PDF (1008 KB) ( 290 )

	95	Numerical simulations of solid-liquid two-phase flows in centrifugal pumps of a Yellow River pumping project
		ZHOU Shijie, LIAO Weili, ZHAO Yaping, RUAN Hui, LUO Xingqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170511
		By solving the Navier-Stokes equations and a Eularian-Lagrangian multiphase model, three-dimensional simulations of solid-liquid two-phases flows in centrifugal pumps were made by using two-way coupling of the two phases and modifying the momentum equations of discrete solid phase with empirical formulas. The Alhert erosion model combined with the Mclaury wear test results was adopted to calculate the erosion of flow components, and the flow features and variation in pump external characteristics were analyzed for working conditions of different flow rates and different volume concentrations of solid phase in the pump inflow. Calculations indicate that the volume concentration has strong influence on pressure distribution and streamlines. With the inflow volume concentration increasing, average pressure on both sides of the impeller blade is increased while pressure difference between blade inlet and outlet is gradually reduced. Existence of solid particles suppresses flow turbulences and consequently weakens the second flows in impeller passages, leading to even an increase in pumping efficiency in certain working conditions. Under small flow condition, a swirl is generated in the flow before its entering the impeller inlet, and solid particles under centrifugal force are impacting and cutting the solid surfaces, which causes wear erosion of impeller ring. An increase in the inflow volume concentration of solid phase will increase its volume fraction distributed over flow components and hence aggravate their wear erosion.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 95-103 [Abstract] ( 116 ) PDF (2180 KB) ( 379 )

	104	Pull-out tests of biaxial geogrid with strengthening anchor pieces
		LI Guichao, ZHANG Mengxi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170512
		Strengthening anchor pieces were applied to a geogrid to form a biaxial geogrid with the anchor pieces that had three-dimensional reinforcement effect. Interaction characteristics of reinforcement and soil interface were investigated in this study using a pull-out experiment, and pull-out resistances of the reinforced geogrid in different conditions were examined by reorganizing and analyzing nine sets of test data. The results indicate that the pull-out resistance of a reinforced geogrid is greatly improved relative to the common geogrid. Strengthening effect is more obvious with larger pull-out normal stress, but it is weakened by increasing the spacing of anchor nodes. By our experimental results and theoretical analysis of anchor pieces strengthened geogrids, cohesion and friction angle between its reinforcement and soil are also increased. As pull-out normal stress increases, the interface friction gradually grows into the dominant factor in ultimate pull-out resistance.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 104-111 [Abstract] ( 130 ) PDF (976 KB) ( 219 )

	112	Influence of different contents of cement and quick-setting agent on performance of red clay slurry
		ZHANG Zheng’an, YANG Jurui, LI Xunan, LI Tantan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170513
		In grouting engineering, theoretical studies on the Yunnan red clay is immature yet. To adapt slurry grouting to different geologic conditions, the red clay properties could be improved and optimized with consideration of grouting requirements. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted and effects of different contents of cement and quick-setting agent on the performance of red clay cement slurry were examined and compared, using slurry viscosity in the range of 25-30 s, cement contents of 5, 10 and 15g /100 ml puree, and coagulant dosage levels of 1, 3 and 6g / 100 ml puree. The test results show that with the increasing cement content, slurry water rate increases and slurry stability is lowered but the effect of quick-setting admixture on slurry water rate is insignificant. In the experiment, slurry water rates for all the test sets were lower than 5% for slurry stability, and slurry gelation time with the agent dosage was adjusted in the range between a few minutes and a few seconds. The clay cement slurry gel time was the shortest of only 7 s when the agent content was 3 g/100 ml puree. The stone rate of slurry was increased with an increase in quick-setting admixture, and a swelling phenomenon occurred at the admixture of 6 g/100 ml puree. The more the cement content was, the more obvious the shrinkage of slurry stone body became. The permeability rate of the clay cement grout was decreased with an increase in cement admixture and it was insensitive to quick-setting admixture. An analysis on compressive strengths of the clay cement grout at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days revealed that the grout stone strength grew slowly in earlier stage while fast in later stage, reaching the minimum strength of 0.13 MPa in three days and the maximum strength of 3.35 MPa in 28 days. And the compressive strengths of all the grout stone test sets were able to meet grouting requirements. The results above would provide a useful guide for practical grouting to achieve rapid preparation of slurry and slurry grouting in various geological conditions and effectively improve control on grouting procedure, reducing abandoned cement slurry and grouting cost.
		2017 Vol. 36 (5): 112-120 [Abstract] ( 134 ) PDF (461 KB) ( 292 )