Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2017 Vol. 36, No. 1 Published: 2017-01-25

	1	Discussion on the standards of urban flood and waterlogging prevention in China
		ZHANG Jianyun, WANG Yintang, LIU Cuishan, HE Ruimin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170101
		With the rapid urbanization, urban flood and waterlogging have been an increasingly serious natural disaster, which has been a prominent bottleneck restricting economic and social sustainable development. It is a key part of engineering planning for urban flood prevention to scientifically develop a set of reasonable standards of flood control, waterlogging elimination and drainage control, which could directly affect capacity of flood prevention and efficiency of urban drainage. In this paper, waterlogging, as well as the protection objectives of flood control and its prevention standards were analyzed. The scientific issues of coordination and linkage between standards of urban flood control, waterlogging elimination and drainage control were addressed. Urban flood control and waterlogging elimination are complex system engineering problems, which could be used to solve urban flood and water logging issues to some extent from overall perspectives of basin and region. The severe urban floods occurred in China in 2016 were analyzed and the successful experience of urban flood and waterlogging prevention were put forward.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 1-6 [Abstract] ( 248 ) PDF (502 KB) ( 756 )

	7	Oblique submerged jets in the pool using LES and k-ε turbulence model
		GUO Wensi, LI Naiwen, LIU Chao, LI Longguo
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170102
		A k-ε turbulent model and a large eddy simulation (LES) model were used separately to investigate three-dimensional flows of oblique submerged water jets in a plunge pool. Characteristics of flow velocity, voriticity and pressure were obtained and compared with our particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. When a jet nappe was plunging into the pool, the flow in the pool was typically three-dimensional, showing temporal and spatial randomness in the jet trajectory and its velocity and pressure distributions under the action of moving turbulent eddies upstream and downstream of the jet. For such oblique submerged jets, the k-ε turbulent model is unable to describe the randomness of this type due to its assumption of isotropic eddies while LES can produce flow structures with temporal and spatial randomness in the jet trajectory and the fields of velocity, vorticity and pressure. Our LES results agree better with the PIV measurements, revealing the evolution of jet plunging into the pool and its mechanism of energy dissipation.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 7-15 [Abstract] ( 158 ) PDF (2521 KB) ( 503 )

	16	Adaptability of regulation projects in Jingjiang navigation-obstructing sections to Three Gorges reservoir impounding
		LIU Xiaoqiang, YANG Yanhua, ZHANG Mingjin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170103
		This paper reports a study on the responses of waterway regulation projects to the Three Gorges reservoir impounding and the effects of a typical regulated navigation-obstructing section of the Jingjiang River during the impounding. Measured data of the river flow, sediment transport and topography were adopted in this study to analyze the trends of riverbed scour and deposition and the changes in waterway conditions in the regulated Yaojiang bend section after the impounding. We used a two-dimensional flow and sediment transport mathematical model to simulate this bend section and the actual effects of its guard projects and adjustable projects at an impounding stage of the reservoir following flood season. The results show that under the scour of river flow carrying little sediment at the impounding stage, the guard projects can significantly improve the waterways if certain conditions are met ? shallow waterways are in a good evolution stage and the regulation targets don’t differ much from their existing conditions. And adjustable regulation projects are needed to satisfactorily improve the conditions of those sections that are sensitive to the Three Gorges impounding stage following flood season.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 16-25 [Abstract] ( 201 ) PDF (1512 KB) ( 351 )

	26	Experimental study on eddy-eliminating barriers mounted on radial gate plate
		LIU Jiejie, SUN Hongliang, LIU Yakun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170104
		Vortices often appear in front of water gates of a hydraulic structure. Scale model tests and theoretical analysis have been used in this work to study eddy-eliminating barriers in front of a radial gate, focusing on three schemes of arrangement: one pair, two pairs, and three pairs of fin-shaped barriers mounted on the gate plate. The schemes were compared using different widths and locations of the barriers in the flow condition of different gate openings. The study revealed that the barriers restricted the vortices to limited spaces where they were unable to extend or freely rotate and thus forced to disappear on the water surface or decay into smaller vortices. As a result, the barriers reduced the air-entraining vortex zone so that the goal of eddy-elimination was achieved. Of the three schemes, the arrangement of two pairs is the best. The width and location of a barrier significantly impact its eddy-eliminating effect. In general, the optimal location depends on the gate width and a wider barrier achieves better effect. However, design of barrier width should take into account the gate openings and real gate working conditions.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 26-33 [Abstract] ( 125 ) PDF (1272 KB) ( 462 )

	34	Phosphorus adsorption by active microorganisms on biofilms
		LI Ling, ZHANG Qingqing, MA Bo
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170105
		Active microorganisms on biofilms play a decisive role in the transformation-transportation process of pollutants in aquatic environment. An ATP bioluminescence method of environmental biology was used in this study to investigate the influence of active microbial biomass on the kinetics of phosphorus adsorption onto biofilms and explore the mechanism of how these microorganisms are acting in the adsorption. The results show that for the biofilms cultured in natural water, their active microbial biomass increases with culture time and reaches a stable stage after three days of culturing while their phosphorus adsorption capacity varies considerably across different growing stages and reaches the maximum at the seventh day. Obvious correlation has been found between phosphorus adsorption and microbial biomass, and the adsorption process can be divided into four typical stages. In addition, flow velocity, light, nutritional status, and pH are also major factors that affect the kinetics of phosphorus adsorption by microorganisms on biofilms. The quantity of active microbial shows high stability in solutions of high pH level, and an alkaline environment promotes the phosphorus adsorption.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 34-41 [Abstract] ( 125 ) PDF (1070 KB) ( 414 )

	42	Application of high-order L-moments to parameter estimation of Pearson type III distribution
		YANG Hui, SONG Songbai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170106
		To apply the method of high-order L-moments (LH moments) to parameter analysis of precipitation frequency, this paper formulates LH moments of Pearson type III distribution through mathematical processing. Monte-Carlo simulations were conducted to examine the statistical properties of the L-moment methods of different orders and their influences on the design values of different return periods. We estimated parameters of the P-III distribution and LH moments for six annual precipitation series of Shaanxi province and evaluated the effect of fitting large sample events and its calculation error. The results show that the LH moments describe the data series better than the commonly used L-moments. An appropriate order of L-moment is useful for the design values of long return period.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 42-49 [Abstract] ( 204 ) PDF (479 KB) ( 403 )

	50	Impacts of climate change on operation of Xin’an River reservoir and adaption strategies
		WU Shuyue, ZHAO Jianshi, LEI Xiaohui, WANG Zhongjing, WANG Hao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170107
		This paper assesses the impacts of climate change on runoff and reservoir operation and derives adaptive reservoir operation rule curves for future climate change scenarios. The Xin’an River hydrologic model was applied in a case study of the Xin’an River reservoir to generate its monthly runoff from 2016 to 2045 in the climate condition based on the outputs of the BCC-CSM 1.1 model under the scenario RCP 4.5. Then we were able to use the runoff data to evaluate the impacts of climate change on runoff and reservoir operation and derive adaptive operation rule curves for this reservoir. The results show that relative to the reference period of 1971-2000, annual mean runoff will decrease by 5.0% and inter-annual and intra-annual runoff variations will also decrease. And power generation will be reduced by 3.0% in its annual mean and its intra-annual distribution will be changed. Compared with the past years’ operation curves, this new adaptive rule can increase annual mean power generation by 0.5% and save mean reservoir spill by 19.6%. Thus the adaptive operation rule curves can better adapt to future climate change scenarios and fulfill the potential of reservoir operation.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 50-58 [Abstract] ( 219 ) PDF (732 KB) ( 533 )

	59	Hydraulic characteristics of full length intakes of large hydropower stations
		ZHENG Tiegang, SUN Shuangke, LIU Haitao, NIU Zhipan, JIANG Han, LI Guangning
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170108
		A full three-dimensional flow model was developed in this work to investigate the hydraulic characteristics and optimal operation schemes of full length intakes of large hydropower stations. We also conducted physical model tests to validate the calculations. Comparison of flow velocity, head loss and other hydraulic behaviors showed that the velocity of flow over the top of stop log gates varied significantly under different operation schemes. Relative to the conventional intake, the peak velocity around the trash rack was decreased by up to 60% and a roughly 50% decrease in the total intake head loss was achieved. Thus, full length intakes are an effective device for velocity and head loss control, and symmetrical operation schemes are recommended by this study.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 59-68 [Abstract] ( 145 ) PDF (941 KB) ( 451 )

	69	Magnetic nitrile rubber used as hub seal material of tubular turbine runners
		LI Zhenggui, CHENG Jie, LIU Xiaobing, YANG Fengyu, CHEN Junhui, SI Guolei, HUANG Yue, LUO Anni
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.201070109
		To explore the leak problem caused by failure in the hub seal of tubular turbine runners, we have analyzed material compression, abrasion and magnetic properties of magnetic nitrile rubber seals and conducted experimental wear tests on this material using a Universal Test Machine. The results verified that both water leakage from this type of seal and its wear consumption are far lower than those of conventional rubber seal materials. Practical application to tubular turbine runners also shows that magnetic nitrile rubber seals have an obviously better effect in water sealing and wear resistance. Thus it would provide a new material for turbine sealing industry.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 69-74 [Abstract] ( 137 ) PDF (1035 KB) ( 359 )

	75	Stress and deformation analysis of CFRD using Wang-Wu hypoplastic constitutive model for rockfill
		LIU Guoming, CHEN Zeqin, LIN Bojiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170110
		A 3D FEM stress-deformation analysis of the concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) using the Wang-Wu hypoplastic model is presented. First, we analyzed this model and its parameters determined using conventional triaxial test curves of rockfill materials, and found out the defect of this method when applied to such materials. Therefore, for rockfill materials used in the present study, relationships of the parameters versus confining pressure were established and the model parameters were modified by using these relationships. We have considered the rotation of principal stress axes and derived a modulus matrix of the equations used in the model. Then, the model along with its modified parameters was applied to the stress-deformation analysis of a CFRD using the 3D finite element method, and compared with the Duncan E-B model and Shen Zhujiang’s double-yield surface model. The analysis showed that, of the main results calculated using the modified Wang-Wu model, the settlement of rockfill was close to that of Shen Zhujiang’s model, and the rest fell around those of the Duncan model, such as the distribution of rockfill horizontal displacements and the stress and deformation of face slabs in storage period. Thus, this paper recommends the Wang-Wu model along with the new calculations of its parameters as presented above for analysis of CFRD.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 75-85 [Abstract] ( 210 ) PDF (1556 KB) ( 387 )

	86	Multi-objective parameter inversion of rockfill dams based on NSGA-II algorithm
		WEN Shaoxiong, ZHOU Wei, LI Shaolin, MA Gang, LI Pengpeng, DUAN Lian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170111
		Parameter inversion has become an effective method for determining strength and deformation parameters of rockfill and other material parameters for practical projects. All the existing inversion methods use a single objective function in analysis of a dam section or even the entire dam body, neglecting the differences in mechanical properties and characteristics of stress and deformation between dam zones of different materials. This paper develops a multi-objective inversion method for the transient and rheological parameters of rockfill dams on the basis of a non-dominated sorting multi-objective genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and a radial basis function (RBF) neural network. In this method, we consider variations in stress and deformation across different material zones and adopt a different objective function for each zone, so that interaction between material characteristics and deformation in each zone can be taken into account through calculation using NSGA-II. The method has been applied to the Shuibuya concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) for joint inversion analysis on the transient and rheological parameters of its two dam zones of different rockfill materials, namely major and minor material zones. Comparison with the single-objective inversion method shows that the NSGA-II calculations at all the monitored points agree well with the measured deformations and their variation trends, thus achieving a significant improvement.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 86-95 [Abstract] ( 236 ) PDF (2141 KB) ( 417 )

	96	Creep model using oblong-parabola double-yield surface and its application
		WANG Haijun, DONG Weijun, TIAN Zhijun, CHANG Qing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170112
		Rockfill material is featured with dilatation, shrinkage and creep; and its creep can seriously affect stress and deformation in the core wall and concrete face slabs of a high dam. By conducting creep tests on different rockfill materials, we have developed a double-yield surface creep model that can simulate visco-elasto-plastic behaviors of rockfill. This model was applied to analysis of the stress in the concrete face slabs of the Shuibuya concrete faced dam and its settlement deformation. The calculations show that the model can well describe the behaviors of dilatation, shrinkage and creep of different rockfill materials under all kinds of loading conditions tested in this study. The creep of rockfill causes an increase in dam deformation and a stress growth in concrete face slabs, with the greatest effect on the slab’s axial tensile stress of an increase up to 30%, and the second greatest on its stress along the slab slope. The creep effect on a high dam above 200 m has not yet completely decayed even after five years of full storage operation. Analysis of our field observation data reveals that the wetting-drying cycle of exposure to sun and rain could lead to longtime deformation of rockfill materials. This factor is neglected in our creep model, and therefore the simulated creep effects are smaller than the measurements.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 96-103 [Abstract] ( 198 ) PDF (477 KB) ( 296 )

	104	Security of high concrete face rockfill dam consideration and conclusion
		NIU Xinqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170113
		Achievements in construction of concrete face rockfill dams (CFRDs) is remarkable in China, particularly in rapid development and large quantities of high dams. But certain dangerous situations have appeared with these dams: serious seepage, structural crack, vertical joint extrusion damage, etc., especially with high dams. This paper sums up the current situations of this type and challenges to the design and construction of high CFRDs, and identifies technical problems in the existing design theory, analysis method and technical standard. Our analysis reveals three major problems: insufficient research on design theory, low accuracy in analysis method, and lack of good integrity in technical standard. Therefore, we suggest a new design concept of high CFRDs that focuses on face panel reliability and considers four aspects: control of dam deformation, durability of the panels, adaptive capability of the panels, and repairing of dam body.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 104-111 [Abstract] ( 200 ) PDF (762 KB) ( 524 )

	112	Numerical simulations of corrosion expansion force of steel bars at initial cracking of carbonated concrete
		DONG Jiahui, DU Yingji,ZHAO Yongxing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170114
		Concrete cracks lead to deterioration of reinforced concrete structure durability due to steel bar corrosion caused by carbonated concrete. This paper analyzes the feasibility of simulations on concrete carbonation by the principle of heat conduction and develops a numerical model of concrete cracking caused by uniform corrosion of reinforcement in the frame of the finite element ANSYS packages. Corrosion expansion force of concrete cracking caused by corroded steel bars has been simulated using a heat-structure coupling model that applies a field of concrete carbonation. The simulations were verified by using our fast test data of carbonation periods 3d, 7d, 14d and 28d; and it shows that the simulated carbonation depths agree well with the measurements. Simulation results reveal that with carbonation time increasing, carbonation depth increases but carbonation rate becomes smaller. Corrosion expansion force is decreased by concrete carbonation, and it approaches a linearly decreasing trend as carbonation depth increases with time. We established a linear regression equation between corrosion expansion force and carbonation depth and obtained a good correlation.
		2017 Vol. 36 (1): 112-120 [Abstract] ( 169 ) PDF (2314 KB) ( 330 )