Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2016 Vol. 35, No. 11 Published: 2016-11-25

	1	Impact of seasonal ice cover on nutrient distribution in Ulansuhai Lake
		LI Changyou, YANG Fang, SHI Xiaohong, SUN Biao, ZHAO Shengnan, CEN Rui, FAN Cairui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161101
		Ulansuhai Lake is a typical shallow lake located in a cold and arid region. We have simulated its ice thickness in winter time using an empirical degree-day model based on its daily temperature data and nutrients concentration in the ice seasons from 2007 to 2014, focusing on ice cover impact on the trophic variation of shallow lakes. The results show that the growth in the lake’s ice cover is controlled mainly by thermal process and this degree-day model gave a satisfactory prediction of the maximum ice thickness for each year that is rather close to the measured values. For the period of 2007-2014 when the ice thickness took a decreasing trend, the simulations reveal the corresponding variations in nutrients concentration of this shallow lake in winter season. And using these results, we can explain why the longest ice cover in the years of 2008 and 2012 is possibly connected to the events of spring algal bloom in these two years. This study provides new ideas for water environmental protection and health warning of shallow lakes in cold and arid regions.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 202 ) PDF (2634 KB) ( 461 )

	9	Predictive model for salt water intrusion and its application in the Qiantang Estuary
		LI Guanghui, SUN Zhilin, HU Shixiang, GUO Cong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161102
		Salt water intrusion in estuaries, which occurs naturally and affects the quality of water for various uses, is an urgent environmental issue. The Qiantang Estuary, as the main source of freshwater supply to Hangzhou city, is experiencing serious salt water intrusion in recent years. Although 2D and 3D numerical models are common tools for prediction of salinity intrusion at present, analytical models of salinity variations require smaller data sets and hence are much more efficient. In this paper, a predictive salt water intrusion model is developed for prediction of both high water slack and low water slack in this typical macro-tidal estuary with topography well described by an exponential function, based on Savenije’s one-dimensional steady equation. This model was calibrated and validated against field data of water flow and salinity collected on 7-9 November (neap tide) and 14-16 November 2012 (spring tide), and its salinity predictions agreed well with measurements. The salt intrusion length estimated using the model also achieved a satisfactory accuracy.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 9-15 [Abstract] ( 287 ) PDF (601 KB) ( 494 )

	16	Water temperature modeling for Jinpen Reservoir using MIKE3
		LONG Shenghai, HUANG Tinglin, LI Yang, ZHOU Zizhen
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161103
		A 3-D water temperature model in the framework of MIKE3 was developed in this study to simulate the thermal stratification in the Jinpen Reservoir of Xi'an, focusing on three factors: heat exchange in the water body driven by effective diffusion and convection, inflow and outflow, and air-water heat exchange. The model parameters were determined using field measurements conducted in 2010, and the simulations were verified against field data collected in 2011. The model was applied to the predictions of different water temperature patterns in response to changes in inflow temperature or flood tunnel elevation. The simulations showed that a rise or drop in inflow temperature produced a corresponding rise or drop in hypolimnion temperature, and that releasing water through a higher dam outlet tunnel caused smaller thermocline thickness and greater temperature gradient. Thus, this water temperature model is able to reproduce with a satisfactory accuracy the stratified patterns of water temperature and their annual variations in response to hydrological and climate conditions, and it is recommended in this study for supporting the operation of the Jinpen Reservoir.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 16-24 [Abstract] ( 239 ) PDF (850 KB) ( 570 )

	25	An experimental study of propagation of dike-break waves
		LU Lingwei, LIN Binliang, SUN Jian, LIU Lu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161104
		Dike breaking is a type of frequent disasters in China. It often causes flood flows outside the dike and water level fluctuations in the river channel. So far, numerical models are widely used to simulate dike-break flooding, while direct observations from field surveys and physical models are rather limited. In this study, physical experiments have been conducted in a large laboratory flume to simulate propagations of dike-break induced flood waves in flooded area and flow fluctuations in river channel. Variations in water level and discharge were measured and investigated by using a pressure sensor array and two acoustic doppler velocimetries. The results show that: a) flow in the river channel has little influence on the propagation of the dike-break flood waves, while it has remarkable effect on water level distribution; b) in the channel the dike-break induced water dropping caused asymmetrical waves, which propagated slowly upstream with large amplitudes and fast downstream with small amplitudes; c) at the initial stage of dike-break flooding, the rate of flow through the breach varied over time, it was gradually approaching a steady state, and the steady flow rate was related to the difference in discharges at the upstream and downstream sections. The experimental results would provide useful and reliable information for analysis of dike-break flow dynamics and verification of numerical models and for the benefit of flood and disaster control in river management.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 25-34 [Abstract] ( 156 ) PDF (1885 KB) ( 540 )

	35	Applicability of Vectrino Profiler in measurement of open channel flows
		BAI Ruonan, CAO Liekai, LI Danxun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161105
		Experiments were conducted in a hydraulic flume to test the applicability of the Vectrino profiler, a Nortek ADV velocimetry, in measurement of turbulent open channel flows at different sampling frequencies and operation heights. A typical PIV system was adopted to provide simultaneous measurements as benchmark. The results indicate that 1) a sweet point of 5cm below the profiler probe was detected at which two measurements agree well; 2) sampling frequency has little influence on the time-averages of ADV measured velocities, but its influence on turbulent parameters is significant; 3) beyond the sweet point, the reliability of ADV measured turbulent parameters is not good; 4) the performance of the Vectrino profiler becomes poor in the regions near water surface and channel bed. Thus, sampling frequency and operation height should be carefully determined for measurement of open channel turbulences using a Vectrino profiler.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 35-44 [Abstract] ( 315 ) PDF (895 KB) ( 684 )

	45	Numerical simulation study on vortex shaft spillway with super-high water head and large flood discharge
		HE Junling, YIN Jinbu, JIANG Qiaofen, WU Baoqin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161106
		A realizable k-ε two-equation model for turbulent flow and a VOF method were adopted in the present study to simulate the flows in a vortex shaft spillway that has super-high working heads and large flow capacity, and the simulated flow pattern, cavity radius, pressure distribution, free water surface profile, rotational angle and other characteristics of the flows were examined. The results indicate that rotating flows in this vortex shaft have an uneven distribution in thickness of the water layer on the shaft wall, with greater thickness in the mainstream area. The gradient of stream-wise attenuation in tangential velocity of the rotating flows is gradually reduced from top to bottom. In the upper part of the shaft, axial velocity increases rapidly with the decreasing potential energy. When the flow reaches the middle and lower part, its axial velocity keeps increasing rapidly in the mainstream area, but the increase is significantly slowed down in the other area. Comparison of the numerical simulations with the measurements on a scale model shows a satisfactory agreement and the reliability of the method adopted.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 45-51 [Abstract] ( 255 ) PDF (700 KB) ( 472 )

	52	Forecasting of natural flows using improved multiple fuzzy mean generating function model and its verification
		LAN Tian, ZHANG Hongbo, WANG Bin, ZHANG Hongmei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161107
		Calculation of natural or unimpaired flows is a key task in regional water resources assessment and hydroelectric project design. This paper presents an improved multiple fuzzy mean generating function model to forecast natural flows, based on several methods developed in previous studies. The model integrates this special function with the backstepping approach, extracting predominant periods and external factors, and optimal subset regression, and hence it is able to solve successfully the two frequently encountered problems in the conventional approaches: that they cannot effectively use the last data in a series, and that they produce results only statistically significant but inaccurate. We have verified this new model by testing its application to the natural runoff series at the Xianyang gauge station on the Wei River and examined the characteristics of probability distribution, statistical parameters, and precipitation-runoff relationship. Results show that it is an effective and rather accurate model.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 52-63 [Abstract] ( 259 ) PDF (1201 KB) ( 517 )

	64	Functions and values of ecological base flow—A case study of Baoji reach of Wei River
		LI Huaien, YUE Siyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161108
		Dry season is the critical period of ecological base flow in water shortage areas. Ecological base flow in dry season has several functions: eco-environmental function (avoiding dried-up river, maintaining wetland ecosystem, water purification, and nutrients transportation), natural function (sustaining hydrologic cycle), and social function (offering fishery production, entertainment and landscapes, and improving life quality). The values of these functions could be calculated using the method of natural resources and environmental economics, and then their sum is the total value of ecological base flow. To verify and demonstrate such a method, we have taken a case study of the Linjiacun hydrologic station on the Wei River. The results showed that, of the functions of ecological base flow in the Baoji reach of this river in 2010, the value of eco-environmental function (675.17 million yuan) was higher than that of natural function (154.63 million yuan) which exceeded the value of social function (121.99 million yuan). And the total value of 951.79 million yuan was calculated, for the value of unit ecological base flow 12.56 yuan/m3.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 64-73 [Abstract] ( 248 ) PDF (616 KB) ( 514 )

	74	Joint operation of multi-reservoirs in the west of Shenzhen
		PENG Yong, XU Wei, JIANG Hongguang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161109
		To maximize the benefits of water diversion and regional water resources, reservoir joint operation has become a key method for improving system efficiency. This paper describes a case study of the Tiegang-Shiyan multi-reservoirs in the water diversion and supply system for the west of Shenzhen. First, we analyzed the operation policies for common water users (i.e. several reservoirs supply water to the same users) and the pumping station of the system. The operation policies for common water users were formulated based on two methods. One adds an operation line on the operation chart of the main supply reservoir; the other constructs an equivalent aggregated reservoir by which the operation policies are worked out. The operation policies for the pumping station were formulated by setting a pumping line and a limit line on the operation chart of the multi-reservoirs. Then, the total volume of water supply by the multi-reservoirs to common water users was examined using four schemes. For each of the schemes, a progressive optimality algorithm (POA) was used to optimize its parameters of operation policies. Finally, using the operation policies already determined, we simulated the water supply and diversion operation in the four schemes, and evaluated and compared their efficiencies and benefits.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 74-83 [Abstract] ( 200 ) PDF (842 KB) ( 447 )

	84	Urban rainfall-runoff simulations and assessment of low impact development facilities using SWMM model—A case study of Qinghe catchment in Beijing
		CHANG Xiaodong, XU Zongxue, ZHAO Gang, DU Longgang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161110
		With increasingly frequent and severe urban flooding disasters, construction of sponge cities that is based on the low impact development (LID) technology, is becoming a new principle for urban storm water management in China. In this study, a storm water management model (SWMM) was developed to simulate the flooding in the Qinghe catchment in Beijing, and urban rainfall-runoff processes in the conditions of different scales of LID measures and different return periods of design storms were simulated and analyzed. The results showed that for shorter return-period storms, reduction in peak flow and runoff volume achieved by combining these measures was up to 66.2% and 49.4%, respectively, while for extreme floods, the reduction in runoff volume was only 11.5% and no considerable reduction in peak flow was achieved. This indicates that the adopted LID facilities are effective in changing the rainfall-runoff processes of shorter return-period storms but ineffective in reducing floods of longer return periods. This conclusion is helpful for flood control, drainage management, and construction of a sponge city in Beijing.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 84-93 [Abstract] ( 335 ) PDF (629 KB) ( 2003 )

	94	Hydrodynamic characteristics of suction chamber of pumping stations
		SHI Zhipeng, ZHANG Genuang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161111
		Swirling flow and sedimentation are two major problems that lower the efficiency of pumping stations. A pumping station water intake in the Lahore area of Pakistan was experimentally tested and numerically simulated to investigate its hydrodynamic characteristics in this study. The simulation results show that installation of a M-type anti-vortex device (AVD) in the water intake reduces the maximum swirl angle up to 4.82° or a 72.69% reduction in this angle. Analysis on the uniformity of flow velocity in the intake reveals the mechanism of swirl suppression by this anti-vortex device. Thus, this study verified that the device is effective and useful to the design and operation of water intake pumping stations.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 94-102 [Abstract] ( 242 ) PDF (1867 KB) ( 530 )

	103	Swell-shrink behaviors of lateritic clay and their effect on test compactness
		GAO Jianglin, FU Qionghua, ZOU Chenyang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161112
		Aiming at the problem that the compactness of earthworks in Jiangxi varies in the later tests on lateritic clay embankment, this study has explored swell-shrink properties and mechanism of typical compacted lateritic clays under natural dry-wet cycling by applying a continuous swell-shrink procedure on the same soil sample, and conducted an analysis on the biases of compactness tests. The results indicate that in the case of natural dry-wet cycling, compacted lateritic clay shows significant shrinkage and swell. When no load was applied, the soil sample swelled obviously, and its absolute swell ratio increased with an increase in cycling times, reaching a peak swell ratio of 12.88%. Application of loads made a soil sample compressed: the greater load was applied, the more significant the compression was; an increase in cycling times under loading condition caused greater compression. Thus, in assessing construction quality, we must consider that compactness tests of lateritic clay earthworks performed in the later stages have biases significantly greater than those tested in the initial stage at the time of construction. In addition, similar biases will occur if dry-wet cycles are applied. A method for reducing the biases is suggested in this paper.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 103-111 [Abstract] ( 118 ) PDF (699 KB) ( 346 )

	112	Shear strength characteristic of weathering rockfill
		ZHANG Qiguang, ZHANG Bingyin, SUN Guoliang, SUN Xun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20161113
		A series of tests were performed in this study to examine shear strength characteristics of the rockfill samples of argillaceous siltstone under loading cycles of coupled wetting-cooling and drying-heating, using a new weathering test apparatus developed by our laboratory. The test results show that the shear strength is decreased under lower vertical load because particle degradation is dominant while it is increased under higher vertical load because rockfill compaction is dominant. In the rockfill dam engineering, the weathering of rockfill could generally cause shallow landslide.
		2016 Vol. 35 (11): 112-119 [Abstract] ( 187 ) PDF (748 KB) ( 304 )