Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2016 Vol. 35, No. 9 Published: 2016-09-25

	1	New approach to synthesization of recession coefficients in Xinanjiang model
		LU Minjiao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160901
		To synthesize recession coefficients in the Xinanjiang model, this paper presents a relationship of the coefficients versus the time interval and storage coefficient for linear reservoirs based on the linear reservoir theory, and discusses potential uncertainties due to longer time intervals and input variability within the intervals. For the recession coefficient of channel water, which is very difficult to calibrate in daily rainfall-runoff analysis, a new approach is adopted to replace its direct calibration by synthesizing the storage coefficients of linear reservoirs. Results show that the new approach is very successful in the estimation of the hourly recession coefficients of 13 small basins of areas in the range of 100 to 3000 square kilometers and has achieved their values with an average error of 0.005 and a standard deviation of 0.022. This approach allows a new way to synthesize the recession coefficients in the Xinanjiang model based on vast previous studies about river concentration.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 1-6 [Abstract] ( 358 ) PDF (541 KB) ( 455 )

	7	Impacts of climate changes and human activities on annual runoff of Bahe River basin
		MO Shuhong, WANG Xuefeng, GOU Kui, SHEN Bing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160902
		River runoff is related to water security in the downstream region, and it is vital to water resources management to conduct reliable assessment to the impacts of climate changes and human activities. This paper presents an analysis on the impacts of these two factors on mean annual changes in the runoff of the Bahe River in Shaanxi, using the Kendall rank correlation method for temporal trends and based on the records of precipitation, evaporation and runoff at the Luolicun and Maduwang hydrological stations in the period of 1959-2010. The Mann-Kendall test and accumulative anomaly method were used in this study to detect the statistically significant change points in hydrometeorological series, and ratios of slope changes in cumulative quantities were compared to quantify the relative effects of climate and human factors on runoff variation. Results show that in this period, no change point was detected in the runoff of upper Bahe, while in the midstream runoff of 1988 a significant steep drop in the streamflow occurred, thus showing an evident change point. This rapid change indicates that, on the upper stream runoff, human activities had a relatively small effect but climate change was the main factor; on the midstream runoff after 1988, both climate and human factors played major roles in causing the significant runoff drop. Decomposition results reveal that, to the variations in the upper stream annual runoff, the two factors contributed 97% and 3% respectively, while in the midstream case the corresponding contributions were 37% and 63%. Overall, human impact was dominant in the runoff decline of the Bahe River basin.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 7-17 [Abstract] ( 366 ) PDF (874 KB) ( 836 )

	18	Three Gorges reservoir optimal operation in its storage period for ecological water demands by Dongting Lake
		DAI Lingquan, MAO Jingqiao, DAI Huichao, WANG Yu, ZHANG Peipei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160903
		To mitigate adverse effects caused by impoundment of the Three Gorges reservoir (TGR), a reservoir optimization model for improving the satisfaction of minimum ecological water demands (SMEWD) by the Dongting Lake and increasing the TGR power output has been developed in this work. This optimization model couples a water level prediction method using support vector regression (SVR) and is solved with a chaos-genetic algorithm (CGA). The results show that both the SMEWD and the power output were significantly improved via optimization of the TGR operation. In an average year, the satisfaction was increased from 85.40% to 89.44%, and the power output increased by 3.09%; In a wet year, conventional operation was able to meet the minimum ecological demands with an increase of 5.85% in the output; In a dry year, the satisfaction was increased from 65.58% to 66.42% with the output increased by 3.42%. This study demonstrates that improvement on the ecological environment of river-connected lakes can be achieved by optimizing reservoir operation.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 18-27 [Abstract] ( 610 ) PDF (760 KB) ( 750 )

	28	Spatio-temporal variation analysis of mountain snow cover in Aksu River basin during 2001-2014
		CHEN Min, GAO Lu, CAO Yongqiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160904
		Mountain snow is one of the main water source for the Aksu River in Xinjiang. A comprehensive analysis of spatio-temporal variations in the mountain snow in the Aksu River basin can provide a basic support for runoff analysis. In this paper, the snow products of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the period of 2001-2014 were used to analyze the snow cover area and its spatio-temporal variations in the Aksu River basin. Results show that in this period of 14 years, the snow cover area took a decreasing trend in the annual, seasonal and monthly scales, with particularly significant decreasing in the annual maximum snow cover and the snow cover in summer. The major significant changes of snow cover occurred in Tuoshigan River mountainou area, mountainous border region and the west of Kumalake River mountain area in the winter and summer, and significant reduction in permanent snow area occurred in the east of Kumalake River mountain area. Without considering other meteorological factors, temperature rising could be a major cause for reduction in the snow cover.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 28-37 [Abstract] ( 547 ) PDF (2483 KB) ( 487 )

	38	Experimental study on hydraulic characteristics of overland flows under vegetation cover
		GAO Yanliang, DONG Xu,YANG Fan, ZHANG Kuandi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160905
		This experiment has been conducted to study hydraulic characteristics of overland flows on a fixed bed laboratory model with simulated vegetation cover of 9.3%, along with an analysis on variations of hydraulic parameters of overland flows under different discharges and different bed slopes using the theories of fluid mechanics and hydraulics. Measurements show that average velocity of water flow on the vegetation slope increases with bed slope and flow rate, and that the relationship can be expressed by either a linear or power function, but with the linear one superior. These two functions can also well fit the relationship of water depth versus bed slope and flow rate. Froude number of the vegetation slope water flow decreases with the increasing flow rate but increases with bed slope, following a power function, but its variation is evidently dominated by bed slope and much less dependent on flow rate. Resistance coefficient of the flows varies in a hump shape, reaching its peak in the Reynolds number range of 1500 to 2000. In the range beyond 2000, it is decreasing inversely with Reynolds number and then gradually approaching a stable value. Thus, the relationship of resistance coefficient versus Reynolds number is not monotonic.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 38-47 [Abstract] ( 448 ) PDF (808 KB) ( 709 )

	48	Experimental study on disinfection of Escherichia coli by hydrodynamic cavitation behind square multi-orifice plates
		CHEN Le, DONG Zhiyong, LIU Chang, ZHANG Xi, ZHANG Kai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160906
		Chlorination of raw water is a traditional technology for drinking water disinfection. However, recent studies have shown that chlorination generates byproducts DBPs as a result of chlorine reacting with organic compounds in water. The most common DBPs are THMs, HAAs and other harmful compounds, and all of them are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic, severely threatening human health. To explore new technologies of water disinfection, this paper describes an experimental study on disinfection of Escherichia coli, an indicator culture of pathogenic microorganisms, by using plates of square-shape multi-orifices as reactors of hydrodynamic cavitation. An agar plate colony-counting method was used for determination of the concentration of Escherichia coli in water samples taken from the flows behind the orifice plates, in the conditions of different orifice velocities, different orifice geometric parameters, and different initial concentrations of Escherichia coli. Our analysis focused on variations in the killing rate of Escherichia coli with several factors: cavitation number, orifice velocity, initial concentration, number and size of orifices on the plate, and arrangement of the orifices. The results show that killing rate can be increased by enhancing velocity, choosing appropriate initial concentration, improving treatment time, or increasing the number or decreasing the size of orifices. Hydrodynamic cavitation produces significant killing effect on Escherichia coli and it can serve as a new disinfection technology for further study.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 48-54 [Abstract] ( 267 ) PDF (384 KB) ( 457 )

	55	Feature extraction of generator partial discharge signals using time-frequency manifolds
		WU Hua, JIA Rong, LUO Xingqi, XIE Yongtao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160907
		Accurate extract of signal features of partial discharge (PD) is crucial to on-line monitoring of generator set insulation systems. This paper describes a new extraction method of the PD signals based on time-frequency manifolds. This method uses phase space reconstruction to convert a PD signal into multiple sub-sequences, calculates their respective time-frequency distributions, and constructs dynamic time-frequency manifolds of the raw PD signal. Then, using locally linear embedding, the high-dimensional data are mapped to a low dimensional space where feature parameters of the PD signals are extracted. The new method has been applied to identification of PD patterns of different generators using a K-nearest neighbor classifier (KNNC). Its failure recognition rate is higher than 95%.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 55-62 [Abstract] ( 219 ) PDF (1210 KB) ( 506 )

	63	Deformation and stress behaviours of concrete-face rockfill dam built on sand and gravel foundation
		WEN Lifeng, CHAI Junrui, XU Zengguang, QIN Yuan, LI Yanlong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160908
		Behaviours of the Miaojiaba concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) built on river gravel foundation was evaluated by combining in-situ measurements and numerical analysis, and time variations and spatial distributions of its deformation and stress were examined and compared with those of normal CFRDs on rock foundation. Detailed field data were collected in this study using a deformation monitoring system for the stages of dam construction and initial reservoir filling plus one year period of normal operation. We also made 3D finite element simulations using back analysis of the model input parameters to assess the deformation and stress behaviours for these short stages and long-term operation. Comparison of the measurements and FEM simulations shows a good agreement between them. The main findings suggest that this dam is stable and performs well. This paper also presents a comparative analysis of CFRDs on river gravel foundation versus rock foundation, based on the deformation data of in-situ measurements of 12 CFRDs in service. The analysis shows that river gravels have a significant affect of dam deformation. In the case of river gravel foundation, settlement of the dam body and deflection of face slabs are much larger than those of normal dams and the locations of peak deformation move downward.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 63-77 [Abstract] ( 325 ) PDF (1511 KB) ( 600 )

	78	Prediction of core rock-fill dam deformation by artificial neural network combination models considering time factor
		WU Binping, YUE Pan, YAN Yuling, ZHONG Denghua, LIU Haoyuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160909
		Dam deformation is usually caused by coupling effects of various factors and it is an uncertain system that contains highly gray characteristic and fuzziness. Because no formula is yet available for deterministic mathematical or physical description of dam deformation influenced by several factors, combination models are more rational than single models in prediction of dam deformation, given that they are more effective in using information from the submodels and better solve those problems complicated and uncertain. Previous studies on such combination models are quite lacking and have no consideration of time factor. This paper presents an artificial neural network combination model that considers time factor and combines ANFIS-GM and GA-BP models for prediction of dam deformation. Application to a core rock-fill dam in Southwest China shows that this combination model not only has a higher accuracy than the submodels but it is more accurate than the minimum prediction error combination model with no time factor considered. Relative to the latter model, it shows an accuracy 10.50 mm higher in average.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 78-86 [Abstract] ( 272 ) PDF (638 KB) ( 515 )

	87	Model updating method for damage identification of high dam based on response surface theory
		SONG Guquan, LIAO Qun, ZHANG Chun, LI Huokun, PENG Qi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160910
		This paper describes an analysis on identification of structure damages in high arch dams using the model modification of response surface method with application to a case study of the Ertan dam. This method uses measurements at the gauge points that were carefully located considering sensitivity and accuracy of the response surface, and divides the dam body into sub-regions of different reduction in elastic modulus so that a different damage parameter can be used for the reduction in each sub-region. Then, relationships of the dynamics at the gauge points versus the corresponding damage parameters are represented by certain functions charactering the response surface, and therefore the damage features can be obtained via optimization using a genetic algorithm. This response surface method avoids repeated calls for FEM calculation in damage identification and thus lowers computational cost. To improve noise immunity, a technique of using multiple measurements is suggested in this paper. Numerical results show that our method can effectively identify damages in high arch dams.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 87-94 [Abstract] ( 274 ) PDF (764 KB) ( 506 )

	95	Uniaxial compression tests on mechanical properties of marble after undergoing different numbers of temperature cycling
		NI Xiaohui, LI Xiaojuan, HUANG Dianwu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160911
		Uniaxial compression tests were conducted in this study to examine the mechanical properties of marble rocks that had undergone different high temperatures and different cycle numbers of temperature variation. Rock samples were taken from Jinping in Sichuan. Temperature was varied in four ranges separately with the upper bounds at 100, 300, 450, and 600 ℃, and three cycle numbers of 1, 10 and 20 were used. The results show that, for temperature cycling at the bound of 100 ℃ cycle number had little effect on the shape of stress-strain curve while the effect became significant when the temperature upper bound reaches up to 450 ℃. And, as both temperature and cycle number were increasing, damages in the samples started to shift gradually from the typical form of brittle failure to that of brittle plastic failure. For the tests after undergoing temperature cycling at the bound of 600 ℃, increasing the number of cycles resulted in a descending trend in peak stress and elastic modulus and an ascending trend in peak strain.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 95-100 [Abstract] ( 433 ) PDF (2117 KB) ( 582 )

	101	Analysis on valley deformation of Xiluodu high arch dam during impoundment and its influencing factors
		LIANG Guohe, HU Yu, FAN Qixiang, LI Qingbin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160912
		Valley deformation of the reservoir behind a high arch dam at initial impoundment stage affects the current working behaviors of the dam and its long-term safety. Monitoring the deformation of reservoir valley and hydraulic structures is crucial to engineering security. This paper presents a case study of the Xiluodu super-high arch dam project, which is subjected to a significant decrease in valley width at initial impoundment stage. For this reservoir, we obtained the field data of dam deformation in its abutment region collected by the monitoring system of its structures and foundation, along with the field data of valley deformation and its temporal and spatial variations. A preliminary analysis indicated that the dam body has been squeezed by its abutments. A multiple regression model of valley deformation was developed using the least-square method, and it was used to analyze the effects of reservoir stage, atmospheric temperature and time effect on valley deformation. Results show that time effect has been the major factor causing a large proportion of the valley deformation, rather than reservoir stage or temperature. At present the ongoing valley deformation of this reservoir is not yet finished and therefore a further study for mechanism analysis of the valley deformation is suggested in this paper.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 101-110 [Abstract] ( 546 ) PDF (1638 KB) ( 1109 )

	111	RCC dam building technology for extreme cold regions and engineering practices
		DENG Mingjiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160913
		In construction of RCC dams in Xinjiang, several climate factors must be considered, such as dry air, frequent alternation of dryness and humidity, larger temperature difference between day and night, and severe freezing and thawing cycles within a year. A series of studies have been conducted to apply new technologies, new materials and new processes to RCC dam construction in extreme cold regions with higher latitude and worse climatic conditions in order to overcome the problems caused by the climate factors above. Until now, four RCC gravity dams and one RCC arch dam have been completed in Xinjiang. This paper presents a summary of the achievements in theoretical research and technological renovation aimed at dam construction in Xinjiang and other extreme cold regions, focusing on concrete materials, construction technologies, and temperature control measures. In addition, we discuss the existing difficulties and relevant technological issues, providing lessons and suggestions for further development of the technologies for other similar regions.
		2016 Vol. 35 (9): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 413 ) PDF (370 KB) ( 818 )