Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2016 Vol. 35, No. 8 Published: 2016-08-25

	1	Review on construction technologies of large-scale underground caverns in hydropower stations in China
		WANG Renkun, XING Wanbo, YANG Yunhao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160801
		After sixty years' development, underground powerhouse construction in China are taking its place in the front ranks of the world in the number, installed capacity, technical advance and construction capability. Accordingly, a world-leading construction technology architecture has been developed for large-scale underground hydropower plants. This paper focuses on summarizing the achievements and main construction technologies, such as the layout of complicated underground caverns, the stability analysis of rock mass, excavation procedures and methods, support design, monitoring & feedback techniques of large-scale caverns. Finally, future development prospects of underground hydropower plants are presented.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 365 ) PDF (772 KB) ( 1146 )

	12	Review on dynamic tensile strength of concrete measured using split Hopkinson pressure bar technique
		SHAO Yu, YUAN Haotian, XU Lingyu, CHEN Xudong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160802
		In this paper, studies on the dynamic tensile mechanical properties of concrete measured using the split Hopkinson pressure bar are summed up and analyzed, and measurement methods of concrete tensile strength based on such a pressure bar are discussed in detail. We also discuss the influence of various factors on the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of concrete-like materials, such as experimental methods, shape and size of specimens, aggregate size, saturation degree, materials of specimens. This review concludes that the value of DIF increases with the decrease in the size of specimens in spalling tests, or in the aggregate size in direct tensile tests. Different types of concrete could differ in their values of DIF. The problems needed to be solved in further studies are suggested in this paper.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 12-24 [Abstract] ( 241 ) PDF (629 KB) ( 572 )

	25	Determination method for initial fracture toughness of dam concrete using linear regression
		QING Longbang, NIE Yatong, LIU Ning, GUAN Junfeng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160803
		A simplified method for determining the initial fracture toughness of dam concrete was examined in this study based on the linear regression theory. It determines initial cracking load using a P-Δ curve of load versus crack opening displacement, which is linear before cracking and takes a sudden drop in linear correlation coefficient at cracking stage. It was verified using previously reported experimental data on dam concrete of wedge-splitting specimens with aggregate sizes up to 150 mm and three-point bending specimens with aggregate sizes up to 80 and 40 mm, respectively. The new method has a higher accuracy and avoids use of strain gauges for measuring initial cracking load in the traditional method. Thus, relative to other analytical methods, it is easier to operate without complicated calculations and insensitive to artificial factors. Moreover, the method was used to examine the effect of specimen sizes on initial fracture toughness, showing its insignificance in application.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 25-31 [Abstract] ( 319 ) PDF (413 KB) ( 544 )

	32	Adaptive artificial physics optimization of reservoir flood regulation
		JIA Benyou, ZHONG Ping'an, ZHU Feilin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160804
		Artificial physics optimization (APO) algorithm is a novel intelligent algorithm that based on physical laws and developed in recent years. This paper describes the basic principle of its calculation and presents a universal heuristic strategy for intelligent algorithms to solve optimal reservoir flood regulating models. In an effort to improve its virtual gravity parameters using the adaptive approach, we have developed an adaptive artificial physics optimization (AAPO) algorithm, expecting to improve its standard searching process. This AAPO algorithm was used to solve the optimal model of real-time flood regulation in operating the Nianyushan reservoir, with the average and variance of its optimal process used for evaluation of its accuracy and stability. In this calculation, the optimal outflow hydrograph of the reservoir was divided into two parts, and each part was calculated separately using a fluctuation ratio indicator to evaluate the feasibility of the new algorithm, along with an indicator of CPU cost. Results show that AAPO is more accurate and more stable than APO and fluctuations in the reservoir outflows optimized by AAPO or APO were weaker than those of other algorithms, indicating its superiority in real-time flood regulation.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 32-41 [Abstract] ( 293 ) PDF (1435 KB) ( 539 )

	42	Effect of submerged vegetation areas with limited lengths on river flow characteristics
		CHEN Zhengbing, ZHOU Qi, YU Wangyang, JIANG Chunbo
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160805
		For flow running over a patch of two-dimensional submerged vegetation in a river, it adjusts itself through five stages: upstream adjustment, initial adjustment, mixing layer development, boundary layer development, and exit flow adjustment. For a patch relatively short, i.e. much shorter than the length required by becoming fully-developed, exit flow adjustment is more important to the flow dynamics in the patch. Different patch lengths and vegetation densities have been examined in this work to study their effects on flow velocity, Reynolds stress, and turbulence intensity. Exit velocity was estimated using a depth-averaged model of mean velocity development along the flow, and downstream recovery length LR analyzed by applying the theory of mixing layer development. The results show that for the patches with the same length, denser vegetation has a shorter recovery length, larger peak Reynolds stress, and more turbulence kinetic energy downstream of the patch. And their values of Lm (i.e. locations of the peak stress) and LR are nearly the same. For the patches with the same vegetation density, the longer ones need a shorter recovery length and have larger peak stress and stronger turbulences. Finally, shelterbelt design is discussed in terms of the hydrodynamics related to vegetation patch features.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 42-48 [Abstract] ( 302 ) PDF (863 KB) ( 531 )

	49	Analysis of hydraulic geometries in middle and lower reaches of Songhua River
		JIA Yanhong, WANG Zhaoyin, FAN Baoshan, LI Yanfu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160806
		To analyze the hydraulic geometries of the middle and lower Songhua River, hydrological data were collected of measured discharge, measured cross section, daily average discharge, and daily average transport rate of suspended load at its seven typical hydrological stations for the period of 1955-1987. Correlation analysis between stage and discharge was used to obtain dominant discharge, dominant stage and dominant channel width, and the cross section of a natural river was generalized using a hydraulic equivalent, compound rectangular cross section and its similarity of stage-discharge relationship and stage-cross sectional area relationship to those of a rectangular weir flow. The results show that compared to the corresponding natural river, using the equivalent cross section in calculation can produce the same results of stage-discharge relationship, stage-cross sectional area relationship, dominant discharge, dominant width, and dominant depth. Our analysis on the hydraulic geometries of this river in terms of its ratio of width B to depth H demonstrates that is a function of stage, showing an overall trend of increasing from its upstream smaller to downstream larger values. All the values fall between 3.26 and 9.12 m-0.5, a value range between those of the Yangtze and the Yellow.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 49-55 [Abstract] ( 316 ) PDF (487 KB) ( 654 )

	56	Hydraulic geometries of tidal estuaries based on fractal theory
		GUO Cong, XIA Shanshan, SUN Zhilin1, HU Shixiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160807
		Hydraulic geometry and tidal volume in tidal estuaries display a relationship of power function and are characterized by fractal dimensions. This paper describes hydraulic geometry of tidal estuaries using the fractal theory and the principle of dimensional homogeneity, along with two in-situ observable indicators: the relative volume of flood or ebb tide for relative cross-sectional areas, and the relative volume of flood or ebb tide per unit width for relative water depths. Formulas have been developed for the relationships of these two indicators versus relative cross-sectional area and relative water depth respectively, both applicable to regular estuaries, but the latter one is also applicable to those open seas of which no cross-section can be defined. In a case study of the Jiaojiang estuary and Oujiang estuary, the parameters in these two formulas of hydraulic geometry were determined using the data of field observation, and the results indicated a fairly good accuracy of the formulas. Fractal dimensions of hydraulic geometry reflect the stability of an estuary and the relative effects of its hydrodynamic conditions during flood tide and ebb tide, and their values will be closer to 1.0 if it is relatively stable or its hydrodynamic forces are stronger. The results would lay a theoretical basis for further studies on estuary evolution and channel design and regulation.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 56-64 [Abstract] ( 326 ) PDF (621 KB) ( 447 )

	65	Experimental study on Escherichia coli killed by hydrodynamic cavitation behind triangular multi-orifice plates
		ZHANG Xi, DONG Zhiyong, CHEN Le, LIU Chang, ZHANG Kai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160808
		In this study, experimental tests on hydrodynamic cavitation for disinfection were conducted on a reactor of multi-orifice plates that was independently developed in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Zhejiang University of Technology, and Escherichia coli that is pathogenic microorganism, was chosen as indicator bacteria. We measured time-average pressures of the flow behind the multi-orifice plates using a pressure data acquisition system, and collected water samples in the process of cavitation. A number of Escherichia coli bacteria were cultured in an agar plate, and changes in morphology were observed using a biological microscope. This paper focuses on an analysis of the disinfection of Escherichia coli impacted by cavitation number, orifice velocity, initial concentrations, number of orifice, arrangement of orifice and size of orifice, along with a brief illustration of the bactericidal mechanism of Escherichia coli under the impact of hydrodynamic cavitation.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 65-71 [Abstract] ( 301 ) PDF (433 KB) ( 702 )

	72	Experimental study on effects of bioretention tank purifying urban road runoff
		LI Peng, LI Jiake, LIN Peijuan, DENG Zhaoxian, HUANG Ningjun, MA Yue
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160809
		Six field experimental devices have been used to study the performance of bioretention tanks with different fillers in purification of urban road runoff. Through field tests, mathematical statistics and numerical simulation, this study focused on the control effect of bioretention tanks under the influences of five major factors: filler types, filler combinations, filler thickness, pollutant characteristics, and vegetation conditions. Multi-level orthogonal tests on these factors show that the best way to remove pollutants is to select fly ash for the filler and a filter thickness of 45cm, along with the vegetation of boxwood combined with Ophiopogon japonicus. We developed multiple regression models of removal rate of the pollutants (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) versus the influencing factors. Our simulation of the migration of TP in the tanks in three inflow concentration scenarios using Hydrus-1D achieved satisfactory results of mean relative errors 16.51%, 13.03%, and 23.49% relative to the measured values.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 72-79 [Abstract] ( 353 ) PDF (622 KB) ( 531 )

	80	Internal flow analysis of Francis turbines before and after update
		LUO Li, LAI Xide, ZHU Li, LI Jingyue
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160810
		Updating the normal runner of a Francis turbine with certain long and short blades can produce significant changes in its energy performance, cavitation performance, and hydraulic stability. To apply this technique, full-passage numerical simulations of Francis turbines before and after the update have been conducted in this work to examine the three-dimensional cavitation turbulent flows and their unsteady behaviors in three typical conditions: small openings, rating conditions, and large openings. The results show that the efficiency of the updated turbine is increased by 6.7%, 6.2% and 6.8% in these three cases respectively and its cavitation performance improved significantly in the latter case. And the updating reduces pressure pulsation amplitude by 20.9% at small openings, 21.5% at rating conditions, and 13.8% at large openings (at monitoring point 1). Thus, the runner updating is effective in improving the performance of Francis turbines.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 80-86 [Abstract] ( 369 ) PDF (2242 KB) ( 633 )

	87	Regional economic growth driven by investment in hydropower exploitation for migrant resettlement
		CHEN Wenchao, QIANG Maoshan, ZHENG Tengfei, XIA Bingqing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160811
		Quantitative evaluation on regional economic growth driven by investment in hydropower exploitation for migrant resettlement plays a key role in the study of benefit sharing. This paper presents a quantitative model for evaluating such growth using the input-output theory, a modified investment matrix, and calculation of economic improvement, along with a case study of the Xiluodu hydropower project and the growth of related industries in Sichuan and Yunnan. The results show that the total value of improvement will reach 4.2-5.2 times that of the initial investment, and great changes will be seen in the industries of metal product manufacturing, machinery and equipment, mining and transportation, the postal, hotel and catering services, and the other businesses. In conclusion, the investment in the migrant resettlement can cause a remarkable growth in the regional economies of Sichuan and Yunnan. This study would help the establishment of a benefit-sharing system of hydropower exploitation in China.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 87-94 [Abstract] ( 213 ) PDF (410 KB) ( 1136 )

	95	Risk assessment method of earth rock-fill dam break using multi-state and fuzzy basic events
		WANG Gang, MA Zhenyue, QIN Jingjing, GUAN Lili
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160812
		A fault tree (FT) model can be converted to a Bayesian network (BN) by mapping relationships. This paper describes a risk probability computing method using a Bayesian net work model that is based on the group judgment of experts and the fuzzy theory, and presents an application of the method to analysis on the risk of earth rock-fill dam break associated with multi-state and fuzzy basic events. A case study showed that this new method can calculate the joint probability distribution of a dam break event and the posterior probability of those events on every level of the system, and thus obtain an importance sequence of the multi-state and fuzzy basic events using the values of posterior probabilities calculated. It expands the application scope of system risk calculation methods to more in-depth analysis, very helpful not just for risk assessment of earth rock-fill dam breaks but for analysis of failure events in other engineering fields. Thus, this new approach would be a useful guide for examination of complex multiple level, multi-factor, multi-state problems.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 95-104 [Abstract] ( 277 ) PDF (592 KB) ( 678 )

	105	Influences of red clay and cement content on concrete performance
		LI Tantan, YANG Jurui, LI Xunan, ZHANG Zheng’an, JIANG Shijun, WANG Qiang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160813
		This paper presents a comparative experimental study on the influences of red clay and cement content on concrete performance, comparing three series and fifteen sets of different mix proportion, focusing on the behaviors of plastic concrete in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, bending strength, elastic modulus, and permeability coefficient, and considering the soil areas in Yunnan. The cement content of the three series was 120, 150 and 180 kg/m3; the red clay content of five sets for each series 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/m3. Test results showed that for the plastic concrete of the three series with a certain fixed cement content, as its red clay content was increased from 0 to 200 kg/m3, its elastic modulus was decreased by 45.3, 23.0 and 14.6% for respectively, and its coefficient of permeability decreased by 57.8, 56.6 and 78.1% respectively, showing a steep dropping trend. And its corresponding compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and bending strength at 28 d age, all showed dropping trends but at different rates. For the plastic concrete of different series with a certain fixed red clay content, as its cement content was increased from 120 to 180 kg/m3, its elastic modulus was increased by 107.6, 116.7, 149.2, 184.8 and 224.5% respectively and a significant increase of more than 30% observed in these three strength parameters. In particular, when its cement content exceeded 150 kg/m3, all its strength parameters took a larger increasing rate, its elastic modulus decreased much slower, and its permeability coefficient grew at a considerably greater rate. Furthermore, the plastic concrete achieved an optimal performance in the condition of cement content of 150 ~ 180 kg/m3 and red clay content of 150 ~ 200 kg/m3. This study would provide an important technical support to the application of plastic concrete to water conservancy projects in the Yunnan red clay areas.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 105-113 [Abstract] ( 353 ) PDF (505 KB) ( 660 )

	114	Hydrodynamic analysis of wave power generation devices of array buoy type
		GU Yujiong, XIE Dian, GENG Zhi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160814
		Array layout is a future trend of buoy-type wave power generation devices. To study its hydrodynamic performance, a new system using array buoys has been developed and its working principle is described in this paper. We make theoretical analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of an oscillating buoy, present a simulation model developed for this new buoy system, and analyze the frequency response RAO values for a single buoy in different drafts using the hydrodynamic analysis code AQWA. An engineering prototype was designed and its sea trial tests were carried out. Using the test data, the theoretical analysis and simulation results were verified. Test results show that optimization of the buoy array layout can significantly improve the stability of power output and efficiency of the generation system. This study would lay a basis for designs and further optimization of the structure of array buoy devices.
		2016 Vol. 35 (8): 114-120 [Abstract] ( 384 ) PDF (2285 KB) ( 798 )