Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2016 Vol. 35, No. 6 Published: 2016-06-25

	1	Short-term peak shaving of cascade hydropower stations in response to power grid load
		ZHOU Jianzhong, WU Wei, LU Peng, LI Chunlong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160601
		How to make use of efficient clean hydropower for peak-valley adjustment is a key technique to release peak regulation pressure under the circumstance of increasingly urgent demand for peak shaving. A short-term peak shaving model for cascade hydropower stations has been developed in this study considering the minimum of residual load variance. A hybrid progressive particle swarm optimization algorithm is also described herein, combining a progressive optimality algorithm (POA) in the outer layer for compressing solution space and reducing dimension with a particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the inner layer for searching continuously and randomly. To update feasible regions adaptively, a new dynamic corridor technique was used for handling complicated time-space coupling. Application of this model to four stations on the Yuan River shows that the residual load variance of Hunan Grid can be decreased by 93.6% while keeping a steady and smooth curve of residual load. The method is very effective and useful in short-term peak shaving for cascade hydropower stations.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 442 ) PDF (1327 KB) ( 1021 )

	11	Medium-term river runoff forecast model using data of quantitative precipitation forecasts
		XU Wei, PENG Yong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160602
		With incessant improvement in weather forecast technology, medium-term quantitative precipitation forecasts (MT-QPFs) become increasingly beneficial to medium-term forecasting of river runoff to achieve better accuracy. In this study, we have examined the application of MR-QPFs to the case of the Huanren reservoir on the Hun River. First, a Xinanjiang model and a multiple linear regression model were developed for medium-term runoff forecasting in flood and non-flood seasons, respectively. Then, real time precipitation forecasts with ten days leading time issued by the Global Forecast System (GFS) were applied to forecast the medium-term runoff of the Huanren reservoir. The results show that accuracy in these runoff forecasts decreases with leading time, and the accuracy of this model is higher than that of the traditional method.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 11-19 [Abstract] ( 352 ) PDF (732 KB) ( 651 )

	20	Root cause analysis of low flow alteration in the East River
		GU Haiting, XIE Ping, LEI Xu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160603
		With development of society and population growth, conflict between water supply and demand becomes increasingly sharp and low water issue attracts growing attention from the public. In this paper, a root cause analysis (RCA) is used as a tool to examine the major factors of low flow alteration systematically, and these factors and their relationship are clearly shown using a causality tree diagram. In a case study of the Dong River basin, low flow series at its hydrological stations were analyzed. Results show change points that occurred in the low flow series at four stations on the river mainstream and and the variations had obvious mutual correlation. A causality tree diagram of the variations was constructed using the data of flow, rainfall, evaporation, and features of the reservoirs in this basin. This study comes to the following conclusions: Influence of climate change on runoff variations was insignificant in the East River case; the major influences in this basin were originated from frequent human activities; the variations in low flow series were caused by the runoff regulation at the Fengshuba reservoir and Xinfengjiang reservoir.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 20-29 [Abstract] ( 317 ) PDF (626 KB) ( 793 )

	30	Parameter estimation of generalized Pareto distribution using high-order probability weighted moment method
		ZHOU Changrang, CHEN Yuanfang, GU Shenghua, YU Shengnan, KANG You
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160604
		Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is commonly applied to frequency analysis of the extreme events in peak-over-threshold series (POTS). Previous studies suggested that the higher order probability weighted moment (HPWM) method is applicable to estimate the parameters of generalized extreme distribution and Pearson type-III distribution, but studies of its extension to GPD case are lacking. This paper derives a theoretical formula of HPWM tailored to GPD and presents an empirical method for estimation of its parameters. Results of our statistical experiments demonstrate that the parameters estimated using HPWM method of zeroth order and probability weighted moment method are nearly unbiased and both are more accurate than the conventional method of moment. This method was applied to the POTS (1946-2004) of the Yichang station on the Yangtze. The results show that this method generally gives a better fitting to the empirical distribution, especially for the upper tails.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 30-38 [Abstract] ( 474 ) PDF (526 KB) ( 853 )

	39	Evaluation of hydropower resource value of hydropower projects: Case study of Three Gorges Project
		ZHENG Tengfei, QIANG Maoshan, WANG Jianing, ZHANG Dongcheng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160605
		Hydropower resource is an important input factor in hydroelectric exploitation, but it is merely paid off in the current policy system in China. Unreasonable pricing methods result in ignorance of owners’ contribution, which causes unjust benefits-sharing and thus restricts the harmonious development of hydropower. This paper aims to discriminate the concept of hydropower resources and analyze the value of hydropower resource using the economic rent theory so as to develop a calculation model of hydropower resource economic rent based on hydroelectric tariff. The Three Gorges project is taken as a case study. The results show that hydropower resource is of a great value and should not be ignored in hydropower benefits-sharing stage. This study would lay a basis to construct a scientific and reasonable benefit-sharing system for better public understanding.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 39-47 [Abstract] ( 295 ) PDF (518 KB) ( 649 )

	48	Effect of preparation process on structure and hydraulic performance of porous ceramic irrigation emitter
		PU Wenhui, ZHANG Xinyan, ZHU Delan, CAI Yaohui, ZHANG Lin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160606
		Since the existing infiltration irrigation materials are costly, easy to aging, and highly energy-consumptive, the development of infiltration irrigation technique has been severely constrained. This paper presents a new micro-porous ceramic irrigation emitter for low-pressure infiltration irrigation using quartz sand and talc powder as the main raw materials. We have experimentally tested the open porosity, density, and micro-topography of these ceramic materials and analyzed the effect of material proportion and sintering temperature on structure and hydraulic performance of this new emitter, including bore diameters determined using microscopic photos and a pressure-flow relationship. And the preparation technology of the emitter has been optimized against two indicators of the emitter, its structure and hydraulic performance. The results show that a change in material proportion affects bore diameters and water flow and causes a decrease in the density of micro-porous ceramic while the corresponding changes in open porosity are insignificant, staying in a range of 30.1% ~ 32.0%. Sintering temperature and flow rate have a positive relationship. When sintering temperature reaches the threshold of 1200 ℃, bore diameter becomes uniformly distributed in the range of 10 ~ 40 μm. Based on a comprehensive comparison of the indicators, the talc powder content of 20% under pressure 12 MPa and the sintering temperature of 1200 ℃ are recommended for the new emitter.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 48-57 [Abstract] ( 347 ) PDF (4178 KB) ( 715 )

	58	Analysis of groundwater table depth changes in Yarkant plain oasis in recent 20 years and their causes
		CHEN Zhongwang, YANG Hanbo, CHEN Dong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160607
		Based on the 20-year observation data of groundwater table depth in the Yarkant River basin plain oasis from 1993 to 2012, this paper analyzes its intra-annual variations and inter-annual trends and reveals the effects of natural conditions and human activities on the variations. We calculated anomalies in these observed series to remove the influence of absent and abnormal values in the raw data, compared the changes in the whole oasis and its three sub-regions to reveal spatial variability, and analyzed the causes for the changes in groundwater table depth. Results show that during these two decades, the average groundwater table depth over this oasis was increasing significantly, and the location of peak increasing rate was moving from the middle and lower reaches to the upper one. A continual increase in the middle and lower reaches in the first decade was possibly caused by the increasing irrigation area. A continual increase over the upper reach in 2005-2012 was relevant to the canal system rehabilitation, while a decrease over the lower reach in 2003-2012 was related with the increase in water delivery through the river channel. This study has found out that human activities play an important role in spatial changes of groundwater depth and ecosystem of plain oasis.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 58-66 [Abstract] ( 308 ) PDF (1192 KB) ( 716 )

	67	Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for flow diversion of inland river network
		ZHANG Ting, CHEN Huazhi, ZHANG Heng, WANG Bo, WANG Lihui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160608
		Improvement of water environmental quality in inland river networks can usually be achieved by water replacement. For a network of constant inflows, optimization of its flow diversion has been one of the approaches to implementation of water replacement in its different branches. Due to the close morphological relation between flow diversion and geometrical characteristics of the channel, a special master-slave relationship of the channel cross section and longitudinal profile versus the discharge of the river network will be developed. In this paper, geometrical characteristics are considered as slave variables, such as the river length l, slope bottom i and bifurcation angle α, and their different weights in prediction of the discharge in each network branch were obtained using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) based on the fuzzy theory and rough set theory. To verify this method, a FCE model was successfully applied to a hydrodynamic environment study for the inland river diversion project of Fuzhou. The results are helpful in planning water distribution and scheduling operation schemes for the river network.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 67-73 [Abstract] ( 474 ) PDF (859 KB) ( 776 )

	74	Influence of daily operation of pumped-storage power plant on density of Limnoperna fortunei veligers
		YU Dandan, TANG Hongwu, XU Mengzhen, LI Wei, WANG Zhaoying, MING Congjun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160609
		Invasion and biofouling of golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in the pumped-storage plants (PSPs) in China has caught wide attention. The specific operation mode of PSPs is regarded as the major cause for golden mussel biofouling in water intakes and tunnels, and particularly, the cooling water systems of PSPs usually consist of small tubes under high risk of being clogged. This study aimed to find a relationship of variations in the density of golden mussel veligers versus the daily operation of Langyashan PSP, located in a tributary watershed of the Yangtze in East China. Such a relationship is generally helpful in adjusting daily operation to avoid the biofouling in tunnels and structures. We have conducted a series of continuous in-situ observations in the peak veliger reproduction season. The results showed that the density of veligers near water surface increased with water pumping operation time and decreased significantly with stop time. And a similar effect of pump operation time was detected on the densities at different water depths. Normally more planktonic veligers existed in the shallow water layer, but during longer stop time, most of them sank down to the reservoir bed and probably were killed there by sediment falling and insufficient oxygen owing to little water flowing disturbance.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 74-79 [Abstract] ( 260 ) PDF (1426 KB) ( 690 )

	80	Experimental study on aeration effect of promoting recovery of water supersaturated with dissolved oxygen
		HUANG Yinghan, LI Ran, FENG Jingjie, QU Lu, NIU Jinlan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.201606010
		High dam spill, sudden warming and photosynthesis of nature water may result in supersaturation of water body with dissolved gases, such as dissolved oxygen and total dissolved gas, and this phenomenon might cause gas bubble disease and even mortality in fishes. To explore effective techniques for recovery of supersaturated water of this type, a series of aeration experiments were conducted in this work for the conditions of different aeration rates, water depths and aeration apertures. The results showed that aeration of water body can greatly accelerate the release of dissolved gas from supersaturated water body. When an aeration rate of 3.0 m3 h-1 was used, the release coefficient was increased to 0.48 min-1, or about 3000 times as large as that without aeration condition (0.00016 min-1). The release coefficient increased with the increasing aeration rate and decreased with the increasing aperture and water depth. A quantitative relationship of release coefficient versus water depth and aeration rate at given aeration apertures was developed. The present study lays a basis for further study and provides new ideas for design of practical measures.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 80-86 [Abstract] ( 357 ) PDF (582 KB) ( 704 )

	87	Flow distribution in side intake/outlet tunnel of pumped storage power stations
		GAO Xueping, LI Yuedong, TIAN Ye, SUN Bowen
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160611
		For flow distribution in the side intake/outlet tunnel of pumped storage plants, the design guide stipulates that the difference of flow between the middle channel and its adjacent side channel of the diffusion section should be less than 10%, but actual designs are unable to meet this rule. In this work, flows in the side intake/outlet tunnel of a pumped storage plant have been numerically simulated using a turbulent flow model, focusing on the variations in flow distribution over different intake/outlet tunnels by adjusting three parameters: the width ratio of these two channels in the diffusion section with guide piers, the location of the middle guide pier’s head, and the length of this section. Results show that the flow non-uniformity can be improved effectively by optimizing the three design parameters but it is yet difficult to meet the less-than-10% rule. The length of diffusion section has a relatively less effect on the flow uniformity. The results would help the design of side intake/outlet of similar power plants.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 87-94 [Abstract] ( 355 ) PDF (471 KB) ( 744 )

	95	Improved water dispatch model for middle route project of south-to-north water transfer
		CAO Yusheng, CHANG Jianxia, CHEN Xiaonan, HUANG Huiyong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160612
		The middle route project of south-to-north water transfer has a great many controlling nodes, a complex hydraulic condition, and no regulating reservoir on its way, which brings about a great difficulty in its dispatching. High level coordination among various gates is required and some of them must be operated by real-time control of their openings according to the users' water demand schedules and the real-time water levels along the main channel. Control strategy for real-time dispatching is the key to achieving stable water transfer. This paper presents a control strategy that is based on the coupling of water flux change with water level amplitude-phase and, considers factors such as robustness of target control on water level, constraints on water level drop, and water information about the upstream and downstream channels, refining and improving the existing strategy of feedback control. The results show that this new strategy meets requirements of this water transfer project.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 95-101 [Abstract] ( 383 ) PDF (393 KB) ( 805 )

	102	Improvement on methods of turbine operation weighted factors. Case study of Lijiaxia hydropower station
		GAO Hongyang, BAI Tao, WU Lianzhou, WANG Yimin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160613
		Lijiaxia hydropower station, located on the upper Yellow mainstream, has been in operation for over 15 years. However, a number of cracks appeared on the turbine runners, which has caused a serious effect on the operation efficiency, inefficient water use, and a dramatic reduction in the overall economic efficiency of this station. In this work, the weighted factors of turbine operation have been studied for the station to improve its runner operation and explore measures of runner retrofitting. We developed a statistics model for turbine operation, an improved version of this model using a comprehensive efficiency coefficient, and a ten-day electric energy balance model using turbine weighted factors. All the three models were used to examine three typical operation scenarios selected according to the long series of in-situ measurements at the station in the period of 2000-2014. The improved statistics model is recommended by comparison of the simulation results, and an order of operation efficiency priority for all the units of this hydropower station was obtained. For the schemes of turbine runner retrofitting, expected weighted factors, water level, and gains in electricity output were calculated. The results of this study are useful to economic operation of hydropower stations and turbine runner retrofitting.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 102-110 [Abstract] ( 411 ) PDF (503 KB) ( 868 )

	111	Thixotropic characteristics of remolded loess in Tongxin County, Ningxia
		CUI Zizhi, ZHOU Weihong, PAN Peng, LI Jian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160614
		Orthogonal test scheme L16(45) was designed in this study using three factors of water content, dry density, and calcium chloride content, to conduct an experimental study on the thixotropy of remolded loess in Tongxin Conty, Ningxia. Based on the measurements and analysis, we derived an empirical formula for calculation of the thixotropy from these factors. Our experimental results show that in the water content range of 8-14%, the thixotropy parameter increases with the increase of age. It is increasing at a high rate initially and then a lower rate, and tends to be stable after 14 days, a period independent of the other two factors. Hence, this age can be used as the strength growing age of remolded loess. All the three factors are significant and by effect they are ordered as water content, dry density, and calcium chloride content. The analysis reveals that the measured thixotropy has a good correlation with the age and each of the factors, and that our formula has a good accuracy and can make reliable predictions. Thus, the results would provide useful information for design and evaluation of remolded loess foundation.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 111-117 [Abstract] ( 275 ) PDF (491 KB) ( 758 )

	118	Micro-pore structures of MgO concrete at long-term age
		CHEN Changli, YANG Huashan, LI Weiwei, CHEN Rongfei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20160615
		Laboratory observations of five years long have been made on the micro-pore structures of MgO concrete admixed with and without fly ash respectively in this study, using mercury intrusion porosimetry to prompt application of the concrete with magnesium oxide or MgO concrete. Concrete without MgO admixture was used as a reference. The results showed that the micro-pore structure of concrete was improved continuously with age when mixing with appropriate MgO content while it was further improved at long age when mixing with appropriate MgO and fly ash contents.
		2016 Vol. 35 (6): 118-124 [Abstract] ( 252 ) PDF (995 KB) ( 528 )