Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2025 Vol. 44, No. 2 Published: 2025-02-25

	1	Inversion method for characteristic parameters of rainfall-induced debris flows and efficiency evaluation of drainage screen ^Hot!
		LIN Chuan, LIN Yanzhe, LIN Weiwei, GUO Chaoxu, , HUANG Xuezhao, DU Zhejia, PAN Yilin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250201
		Hilly and mountainous regions are extensively distributed along the southeast coast in China, where various geological disasters occur frequently under the influence of factors such as typhoons and heavy rains. Debris flow disasters triggered by heavy rains in this area are characterized by suddenness, cluster occurrence, and certain destructiveness, and they may impose an impact on hydraulic structures and even cause serious hazards such as flow blockage if occurring near river channels or valleys. Because of the high uncertainty in their process, effective dynamic parameter inversion methods are of great significance for analyzing the characteristics of their evolution and formulating effective disaster mitigation measures. This paper develops a new parameter inversion method based on the multi-output support vector regression (M-SVR) sub-model, taking the "5·8 Taining Debris Flow" event as a study case. First, based on the debris flow dynamics calculation model Geoflow_SPH, we construct a parallel calling framework to numerically simulate the triggering feature parameter combinations－including internal friction angle, unit weight, and average source thickness－and generate initial training samples that contain input parameters and motion characteristics. And the sample set (1000 groups) is divided into training sets and test sets in proportion, and the M-SVR sub-model is trained using grid search technology. Then, we use the sub-model to predict and calculate the subdivided inversion calculation sample set (8000 groups), taking as the benchmark the debris flow velocity recorded in the geological survey report at three control sections, and selecting the parameter combination with the minimum mean square error (MSE) as the final inversion result through calculating the predictions. Finally, we examine the role of the drainage screen structure in obstructing the movement of debris flow and controlling the range of impact. The research results help clarify the evolution of rainstorm-type debris flow disasters and lay a theoretical basis for application of various disaster mitigation measures.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 1-14 [Abstract] ( 44 ) PDF (9068 KB) ( 70 )

	15	Simulating flood interceptor discharge capacity in high-external water areas. A case study of Weinan City
		TONG Yu, ZHANG Peiqi, HOU Jingming, FAN Chenchen, LI Donglai, WANG Yanhong, WANG Tian, ZHOU Qingshi, GAO Yang, LU Pinpin, WU Farong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250202
		A two-dimensional surface model with Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) acceleration is coupled with a one-dimensional channel model with SWMM to investigate the discharge capacity of interceptor ditches in the loess plateau area under extreme rainstorm events. In a case study of the southern part of Weinan City, the loess flood inflow and the ditches’ outlet flow are simulated for different rainfall conditions, and the ditches’ overflow flow rates are calculated using nonlinear fitting. The results indicate that in the plateau area, the flood peak flow varies significantly across different gullies under the great influence of two major factors－catchment area and ground slope. The volume of plateau floodwater entering the city increases rapidly with the flood return period longer than 10 years, with a growth rate of 112.1%. Ditch overflow will occur as rainfall increases up to a threshold of 70.06 mm for the flood interception ditch S2. For the return period shorter than 10 years, the ditch peak flow grows slowly; the growth is also slow under extreme rainfall conditions due to saturation. Under medium and large rainfalls, a change in gully dimensions imposes a great impact on the effect of gully discharge, and the growth rate of outlet flow from Gully No. 3 reaches 89.4% when P = 100 a. Ditch overflow into the city starts at P = 5 a in the flood interception ditches S1 and S3, and starts at P = 30 a in S2 where the overflow volume increases as rainfall increases from 1191 m3 to 128,895 m3. The study would help the design and optimization of urban flood control and drainage systems under extreme rainstorms.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 15-27 [Abstract] ( 22 ) PDF (5688 KB) ( 97 )

	28	Spatial distribution of high-altitude wind energy resources in China
		HE Hao, NIU Xiaojing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250203
		High-altitude wind energy is an important potential resource in the future. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the wind characteristics in China at different above ground levels below 4000 m, based on the ERA5 wind data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and digital elevation data, focusing on the spatiotemporal distributions of wind speeds and the frequencies of typical wind speeds. The results show a complicated spatial pattern of wind speeds over China, i.e., higher wind speeds in the northeastern and plateau regions, and lower wind speeds in the southern and northwestern regions. At low levels such as 100 m, coastal winds are high, while inland winds are low. Seasonal variations in wind feature higher speeds in spring and winter and the lowest in summer. The highest wind speeds occur typically in January and December, while the lowest typically in July and August. Wind power density is generally higher in the northeast, southwest and coastal regions. At low levels, the regions that feature relatively high frequencies of extreme high wind speeds appear in Inner Mongolia and the northeastern provinces; at high levels, they appear in Tibet and Qinghai. This paper also gives the maps and variation patterns of wind resources at different above ground levels, which are helpful for the planning and design of airborne wind power projects.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 28-37 [Abstract] ( 46 ) PDF (1577 KB) ( 57 )

	38	Study on changes in precipitation moisture sources in Three Rivers Sources region and its impact on summer precipitation
		LIU Xuan, YANG Mingxiang, DONG Ningpeng, DAI Lingquan, WANG Hao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250204
		To assess quantitatively the impact of climate change on summer precipitation in the Three River Sources (TRS) region, backward trajectory simulations have been conducted using the ERA5 reanalysis data and the Lagrangian particle dispersion model (HYSPLIT). This study focuses on the change in moisture sources within the region in the dry period (2000 to 2002) and wet period (2003 to 2005) of the representative years, and evaluates quantitatively their contributions to the dry-to-wet transition of summer precipitation in the study area. The results reveal that around 2002, the TRS region experienced a significant dry-to-wet transition in summer precipitation. In this region, the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) emerged as the key moisture source for summer precipitation, because of moisture from the ocean often transiting through the southern TP before reaching it, followed by the contributions from the northern TP and local sources. During wet periods, under the influence of the South Asian monsoon, the southern TP and the Bay of Bengal are the primary moisture sources, contributing 56.4% to the increase in summer precipitation. And under the influence of the westerly belt and northerly winds, the northern TP and Eurasian continent contribute 32.7% to the increase. The results could provide a new perspective for deeper understanding of the dry-to-wet transition of summer precipitation in the TRS region.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 38-49 [Abstract] ( 33 ) PDF (3255 KB) ( 94 )

	50	Multi-objective optimal dispatch of cascade hydro-wind-solar-storage hybrid systems in power and frequency regulation market
		ZHANG Binqiao, YANG Zhishun, CHEN Qingsong, ZHANG Zesheng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250205
		Uncertainties in wind and solar power outputs reduce their market competitiveness. Participation of cascade hydropower, wind, solar, and storage systems in energy and frequency regulation markets has become an effective means to achieve high-quality renewable energy supply. This study first develops a day-ahead bidding model and a real-time adjustment and frequency regulation response model for such hybrid systems that participate in these regulation markets. To address the uncertainty in wind and solar outputs, we develop a distributionally robust chance-constrained model, based on the Wasserstein distance fuzzy set for the systems' market participation. Then, a bi-objective optimization is made to maximize day-ahead market revenue and minimize real-time adjustment deviations. And a normalized normal constraint (NNC) method is used to obtain Pareto frontier solutions; the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is used to select the optimal solution from the Pareto front. Application to a case study of a river basin in southwestern China verifies our method and the models prove effective, rational, and applicable.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 50-62 [Abstract] ( 41 ) PDF (1410 KB) ( 93 )

	63	Stability and dynamic characteristics analysis of grid-connected multiple units-shared tailwater system in hydropower station
		SHI Yousong, ZHANG Ge, CHENG Jian, ZHANG Dongfeng, LI Yinbin, ZHAO Zhigao, ZHENG Yang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250206
		Dynamic characteristics of the grid connected operation of a multi-units-shared tailwater system in hydropower stations are complicated, which is unfavorable to high-quality regulation of the units. This paper develops a mathematical model paradigm for the multi-units-shared tailwater surge chamber and tailwater tunnel connected to the power grid, and examines the stability and dynamic characteristics of such a coupled system. First, the Hopf bifurcation theory is applied to an analysis of the stability domain and bifurcation characteristics of each unit operating in the coupled multi-unit system. Then, the dynamics of the system operating at typical control parameters are simulated and examined. The results indicate that this coupled system is prone to supercritical Hopf bifurcation, and the oscillation characteristics of its unstable units will be transmitted to the stable ones, leading to low-frequency oscillations occurring on all its units. The influence of the inertia time constant and load ratio on its stability region is the greatest. For each unit, the greater the inertia time constant of the flow in its pilot pipe, the smaller the stability region. A critical point of load ratios exists－on its left side, the larger a load ratio, the larger the stable region, while on its right, the larger a load ratio, the smaller the stable region. The coupled system is stable only when the control parameters of each unit stay in the stability region. During dynamic regulation, water level in the surge chamber generates ultra-ultra-low frequency oscillation spectrum by its own water surface wave. The frequencies of the unit and the power grid include ultra-ultra-low frequency oscillations generated by the surge chamber and low frequency ones generated by the speed regulating system and the power grid.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 63-75 [Abstract] ( 31 ) PDF (4698 KB) ( 107 )

	76	Innovation mechanism of clean energy projects
		ZHANG Yakun, FAN Qixiang, LI Guo, WU Zekun, TANG Wenzhe
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250207
		The technological innovation of clean energy projects, as a comprehensive project that spans multiple disciplines and fields, is crucial for promoting industry development. Its previous studies lack systematic identification of the key factors and a comprehensive understanding of the process of innovation from a holistic, systemic perspective. This article uses the grounded theory to identify the key factors that affect innovation, and based on this, constructs and verifies a theoretical model of clean energy projects innovation, and reveals the mechanism of innovation. We also clarify the relationship between innovation management systems, enterprise innovation strategies, resource allocation, collaborative innovation, independent innovation, technological innovation output and transformation, and project performance. Finally, a strategy for future innovation in clean energy projects is suggested. The research findings would lay a theoretical basis and help practical innovation in such projects.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 76-95 [Abstract] ( 19 ) PDF (580 KB) ( 73 )

	96	Suppression of low-frequency oscillations in hydropower units of shared tailwater system
		LIU Zhao, YAN Zhenwu, ZOU Yidong, ZHENG Yang, XIAO Zhihuai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250208
		To address the problem of low-frequency and ultra-low-frequency oscillations (ULFO) in hydropower unit regulation systems (HURS) with a shared draft tube system (one tunnel, two units), a new control parameter optimization strategy for HURS based on the Improved Salp Swarm algorithm (ISSA) is presented. ISSA enhances search performance by incorporating two improvement frameworks: a cultural gene algorithm and a chaotic sequence, enabling it to explore the optimal solution within the search space. A simulation case study of HURS includes three parts－frequency regulation mode, power regulation mode, and gate opening regulation mode－with a comparative analysis of the simulated responses before and after optimization to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of this optimization method in controlling the HURS parameters of shared draft tube systems. The simulation results show the optimized system reduces the number of oscillations by at least 50% in each regulation mode and significantly improves the operational stability of the units.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 96-106 [Abstract] ( 22 ) PDF (3906 KB) ( 91 )

	107	Automatic modal parameter identification of high earth-rockfill dams based on MSFCM-SSI
		LIU Huaren, TONG Dawei, YU Jia, SU Zhe
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250209
		Owing to the large volume and complex structure of high earth-rockfill dams, identifying their modal parameters is challenging, posing difficulties to subsequent dynamic analysis. Based on earthquake measurement data, this paper presents a fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm that is based on modal stability functions, and constructs a new method of automatic modal parameter identification, namely MSFCM-SSI, by combining the algorithm with a covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification method. This new method achieves accurate and automatic identification of dam modal parameters, avoiding errors associated with traditional manual selection. Its effectiveness and accuracy are validated through application to a two-degree-of-freedom numerical model and an earth dam￠s two-dimensional finite element model. It is then used to identifying the modal parameters of the Lianghekou high-core rockfill dam, demonstrating its applicability and advantage in practical seismic analysis of high earth-rockfill dams.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 107-115 [Abstract] ( 31 ) PDF (979 KB) ( 90 )

	116	Pore structure and frost resistance of mixed basalt fiber concrete
		SHAO Shanqing, GONG Aimin, LUO Jiahui, WANG Fulai, HUANG Yi’er, JIN Zhuo, YONG Kang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250210
		Basalt fiber fly ash concrete conforms to the concept of green and economically viable development. To improve the reliability of its practical application in engineering, this paper presents a study on the characterization of its pore structure, frost resistance by the formation of pores, pore physical phase distribution, and fractal dimension, through the hydration process of fly ash and cement under the conditions of different basalt fiber lengths (6, 12, and 18 mm) in single mixing and blending scenarios. The results show that after 300 freeze-thaw cycles, the degree of freeze-thaw damage to fly ash concrete from high to low is unadulterated basalt fiber, single-adulterated basalt fiber, and mixed-adulterated basalt fiber. From pore structure characterization, basalt fiber admixture refines the pore space, that is, the maximum pore diameter and porosity both are reduced. From pore phase distribution and fractal dimension, the pore space of single admixture is mainly concentrated around the fiber, so that the internal pore space forms a linear concentrated distribution, causing the concrete to be prone to frost stress concentration. In the blending case, pore concentration is reduced significantly, and the small pore dispersion effect is conducive to reducing the role of frost stress. The fly ash component improves the pore structure through delaying the hydration micro-filling effect, and the fibers’ bridging effect prevents radial cracks in the pore space from further development, thus improving the frost resistance of concrete.
		2025 Vol. 44 (2): 116-124 [Abstract] ( 27 ) PDF (4407 KB) ( 109 )