Abstract: Evaluation on sand abrasion to turbines can provide data support to the selection of anti-abrasion materials and the decision on anti-abrasion strategies and overhaul plans for the turbines that will work at the Baihetan hydropower station. In this work, we have conducted an experimental study on the anti-abrasion performance and wear behavior of the materials possibly to be used for the turbines, and simulated the conditions of flow and sands passing through the turbines on the rotating disc test stand of an erosion test system for hydraulic machinery (ETS-HM). Different sand concentrations and flow velocities were adopted for the simulation tests, and resultant abrasion depth on the sample material surface due to sand impacting damage was measured after completion of the tests. Empirical formulae of abrasion rate for different materials were obtained by fitting the test data with a multivariable linear regression method. Applying these formulae, we estimated possible sand abrasion to the proto turbines for a certain period of operation, including runner, guide vane, and other major components of the flow passage. The estimation reveals that the most severe abrasion occurs on the end walls of guide vanes and at the blade outlet edges near lower runner ring. At these two locations, surface abrasion depth will increase up to 2.66 mm and 1.75 mm after ten years of operation respectively, which fall in the allowable range specified in the national standard GB/T 29403—2012.