Abstract: The Czech Republic is a European country. Management and development of its water dams and hydropower, especially the dams on shared rivers, is very important for us to do a comparative study. Based on the papers of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) Annual Meeting, Czech, 2017, this paper reviews the history and present situation of hydropower development in this country, focusing on a comparison of development level, dam type, dam safety management, and shared river management between Czech and China. We come to the conclusions: (1) The hydropower development level in China is suitable for the social-economic development. (2) The proportion of earth and rockfill dams in China is too high. (3) In dam safety management, much more attention should be paid to the safety and protection of the residents downstream of the dams. (4) In the management of shared rivers, water volume discharged from a dam could be less than 60% of the river runoff. Helpful suggestions are made for the management of Chinese dams and shared rivers.